Abstract
Macroseismic intensity, a useful measure of earthquake effects, is still applied in a wide range of seismological applications like seismic hazard assessments, attenuation relationships, etc. Isoseismals represent the spatial distribution of macroseismic intensities and their shapes depend on source properties, lithosphere structures, tectonic line orientations, site geology and topography. The applications ask for both the higher number of isoseismal maps and their standardization and homogenization. The point kriging gridding method for an automatic computer drawing of isoseismal maps was delivered. Smoothing rates and numerical parameters used in the kriging algorithm were tested on macroseismic data of Greek earthquakes representing different tectonic and geomorphological regimes. The optimum kriging default option was defined. Its application for four Greek earthquakes is presented and discussed from viewpoint of a broad use in recent macroseismology.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Burrough PA, McDonell (1998) Principles of geographical information systems. Oxford University Press
Cecić I, Musson MW, Stucchi M (1996) Do seismologists agree upon epicentre determination from macroseismic data? A survey of ESC Working Group “Macroseismology”. Annali di Geofisica 39(5):1013–1027
Cressie NAC (1990) The origins of kriging. Math Geol 22(3):239–252
Cressie NAC (1991) Statistics for spatial data. Wiley, New York
De Rubeis V, Tosi P, Gasparini C, Solipaca A (2005) Application of kriging technique to seismic intensity data. Bull Seism Soc Am 95:540–548
Deutsch CV, Journel AG (1992) GSLIB – Geostatistical software library and user’s guide. Oxford University Press, New York, 338 pp
Everden JF (1975) Seismic intensities, ‘size’ of the earthquakes and related parameters. Bull Seism Soc Am 65(5):1287–1313
Frankel A (1994) Implication of felt area-magnitude relations for earthquake scaling and the average frequency of perceptible ground motion. Bull Seism Soc Am 84(2):462–465
Galanopoulos A (1961) On magnitude determination by using macroseismic data. Annali di Geofisica 14:401–408
Galanakis D, Rondogianni Th, Kourouzidis M (1998) The unexpected Kozani–Grevena earthquake of May 13, 1995. In: Pavlidis S (ed) The Kozani–Grevena earthquake of May 13, 1995 – Scientific and social approach. Inst. Book and Reading, Kozani, p 59–68
Gasparini C, Tosi P, De Rubeis V (2003) Northern Sicily, September 6, 2002 earthquake: investigation on peculiar macroseismic effects. Ann Geophys 46(6):1361–1366
Hatzfeld D, Karakostas V, Ziazia M, Selvaggi G, Leborgne S, Berge C, Guiguet R, Paul A, Voidomatis Ph, Diagourtas D, Kassaras J, Koutsikos J, Makropoulos K, Azzara R, Dibona M, Bacchechi S, Bernard P, Papaioannou Ch (1997) The Kozani–Grevena (Greece) earthquake of May 13 (1995) revisited from a detailed seismological study. Bull Seism Soc Am 87(2):463–473
Isaaks EH, Srivastava RM (1989) An introduction to applied geostatistics. Oxford University Press, New York
Johnston AC (1996) Seismic moment assessment of earthquakes in stable continental regions – II. Historical seismicity. Geophys J Int 125(3):639–678
Journel AG, Huijbregts C (1978) Mining geostatistics. Academic Press
Journel AG (1989) Fundamentals of geostatistics in five lessons. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC
Kalogeras I, Kourouzidis M, Schenková Z, Schenk V, Stavrakakis G (2004) Macroseismic observations in Greece. Development of a database for extraction of new knowledge. In: An electronic the 29th General Assembly of the ESC book. Abstracts & Papers, University and GFZ Potsdam
Kathimerini Newspaper (1999) September 23rd (in Greek)
Krige DG (1951) A statistical approach to some basic mine valuation problems on the Witwatersrand. J Chem Metall Min Eng Soc S Afr 52(6):119–139
Krige DG (1962) Effective pay limits for selective mining. J S Afr Inst Min Metall 345–363
Louvari E, Kiratzi A (2001) Source parameters of the 7 September 1999 Athens (Greece) earthquake based on teleseismic data. J Balkan Geophys Soc 4(3):51–60
Matheron G (1971) The theory of regionilized variables and their applications. In: Les Cahiers du Centre de Morphologie Mathematique de Fontainebleau, No. 5
Mountrakis D, Pavlides S, Zouros N, Astaras Th, Chatzipetros A (1998) Seismic fault geometry and kinematics of the 13 May 1995 Western Macedonia (Greece) earthquake. J Geodyn 26(2–4):175–196
Monthly Bulletins (1956/1965/1995/1999) National Observatory of Athens, Geodynamic Institute
Papadopoulos GA, Drakatos G, Papanastassiou D, Kalogeras I, Stavrakakis G (2000) Preliminary results about the catastrophic earthquake of 7 September 1999 in Athens, Greece. Seism Res Lett 71(3):318–329
Papaioannou ChA (1984) Attenuation of seismic intensities and seismic hazard in Greece and surrounding area (in Greek). PhD Thesis, University of Thessaloniki
Papazachos CB (1992) Anisotropic radiation modelling of macroseismic intensities for estimation of attenuation structure of the upper crust in Greece. Pure Appl Geophys 138(3):445–469
Papazachos BC, Comninakis PE, Hatzidimitriou PM, Kiriakidis EC, Kiratzi AA, Panagiotopoulos DG, Papadimitriou EE, Papaioannou ChA, Pavlides SB, Tzanis E (1982) Atlas of isoseismal maps for earthquakes in Greece 1902–1981. Geophys Lab Univ Thessaloniki, Publ 4, p 126
Papazachos BC, Karakostas BG, Kiratzi AA, Papadimitriou EE, Papazachos CB (1998) A model for the 1995 Kozani–Grevena seismic sequence. J Geodyn 26(2–4):217–231
Papazachos BC, Papaioannou ChA (1997) The macroseismic field in the Balkan area. J Seismol 1(1):181–201
Papazachos BC, Papaioannou ChA (1998) Further information on the macroseismic field of the Balkan area. J Seismol 2(4):363–375
Papazachos BC, Papaioannou ChA, Papazachos CB, Savvaidis AA (1997) Atlas of isoseismal maps for strong earthquakes in Greece and surrounding area (426 b.c.–1995). Geophys Lab Univ Thessaloniki, Publ 4, p 176
Pavlides SB, Papadopoulos GA, Ganas A (2002) The fault that caused the Athens September 1999 MS = 5.9 earthquake: field observations. Nat Hazards 27(1):61–84
Pettenati F, Sirovich L, Cavallini F (1999) Objective treatment and synthesis of macroseismic intensity data sets using tessellation. Bull Seism Soc Am 89(5):1203–1213
Roumelioti Z, Kiratzi AA, Theodulidis N, Kalogeras I, Stavrakakis G (2002) Rupture directivity during the September 7, 1999 (M w 5.9) Athens (Greece) earthquake inferred from forward modeling of strong motion. Pure Appl Geophys 160(12):2301–2318
Roumelioti Z, Dreger D, Kiratzi AA, Theodulidis N (2003) Slip distribution of the 7 September 1999 Athens earthquake inferred from an empirical Green’s function study. Bull Seism Soc Am 93(2):775–782
Schenková Z, Kalogeras I, Schenk V, Pichl R, Kourouzidis M, Stavrakakis G (2005) Atlas of isoseismal maps of selected Greek earthquakes (1956–2003). Evonymos Ecolog Library, Athens
Shebalin NV (ed) (1974) Atlas of isoseismals, Part III. UNDP/UNESCO survey of the seismicity of the Balkan region, Skopje
Sirovich L, Cavallini F, Pettenati F, Bobbio M (2002) Natural-neighbor isoseismals. Bull Seism Soc Am 92(5):1933–1940
Surfer Program Package for Windows (2004) User’s guide. Golden Software Inc.
Theodulidis N, Papazachos B (1992) Dependence of strong ground motion on magnitude-distance, site geology and macroseismic intensity for shallow earthquakes in Greece: I. Peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 11(7):387–402
Tselentis GA, Zahradnìk J (2000) The Athens earthquake of 7 September 1999. Bull Seism Soc Am 90(5):1143–1160
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-007-9056-0
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schenková, Z., Schenk, V., Kalogeras, I. et al. Isoseismal maps drawing by the kriging method. J Seismol 11, 121–129 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-006-9023-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-006-9023-1