Abstract
The Ultra-Orthodox community in Israel is characterized by close everyday contact and a strong sense of community. While the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in global uncertainty, fear, and fatalities, this group was particularly affected by the pandemic. Accordingly, the current study examines whether subjective nearness-to-death was associated with increased COVID-19 concerns, and whether Israeli identity and sense of community moderate this association. Data were gathered from 255 Israeli Ultra-Orthodox Jews, and results yielded a significant link between subjective nearness-to-death and COVID-19 worries, moderated by both moderators. Results are discussed in line with terror management theory, and theoretical/practical implications are suggested.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Schimel, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2002). To belong or not to belong, that is the question: Terror management and identification with gender and ethnicity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 26–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.26
Bergman, Y. S., & Bodner, E. (2020). Age is not just a number: Age awareness, subjective nearness-to-death, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms among older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 24(6), 906–913. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1566815
Bergman, Y. S., Bodner, E., & Haber, Y. (2018b). The connection between subjective nearness-to-death and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of meaning in life. Psychiatry Research, 261, 269–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.078
Bergman, Y. S., Bodner, E., & Shrira, A. (2018a). Subjective nearness to death and end-of-life anxieties: The moderating role of ageism. Aging & Mental Health, 22(5), 678–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1286459
Bergman, Y. S., Cohen-Fridel, S., Shrira, A., Bodner, E., & Palgi, Y. (2020). COVID-19 health worries and anxiety symptoms among older adults: The moderating role of ageism. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(11), 1371–1375. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220001258
Bergman, Y. S., Horenczyk, G., & Abramovsky-Zitter, R. (2017). Perceived discrimination and well-being among the Ultra-Orthodox in Israel: The mediating role of group identity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(9), 1320–1327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117722859
Bergman, Y. S., & Segel-Karpas, D. (2020). Subjective nearness-to-death, filial obligations, and depressive symptoms: The case of Jews and Arabs in Israel. Aging & Mental Health, 24(4), 557–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1547682
Berkovich, E. (2023). Will Ultra-Orthodox enlistment during “Iron Swords” war ignite the spark of integration into society? Retrieved from https://www.idi.org.il/articles/51152 [Hebrew]
Bodner, E., Bergman, Y. S., Ben-David, B., & Palgi, Y. (2022). Vaccination anxiety when vaccinations are available: The role of existential concerns. Stress and Health, 38(1), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3079
Cohen, B. (2015). The Ultra-Orthodox society: crises and challenges. Jerusalem: Loyalists of Torah and Labor. Retrieved from: https://toravoda.org.il/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%94/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%95%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%9F/ (Hebrew).
Even-Tzur, G. & Fridman, S. (2020). The Jewish world in the face of the COVID-19 crisis. Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute. (Hebrew).
Even, Y., & Marciano, K. (2020). These are the data: How many Ultra-Orthodox are hospitalized due to COVID-19. N12. https://www.mako.co.il/news-israel/2020_q1/Article-c3a328f0d472171027.htm [Hebrew]
Feldman, Y. (2020). A social experiment in behavior change: The COVID-19 virus—dealing with the global crisis. Jerusalem: The Israel Institute for Democracy.
Freund, A., & Band-Winterstein, T. (2013). Between tradition and modernity: Social work-related change processes in the Jewish ultra-orthodox society in Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(4), 422–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.10.003
Fritsche, I., & Hoppe, A. (2019). We supernaturals: Terror management and people’s ambivalent relationship with nature. In C. Routledge & M. Vess (Eds.), Handbook of terror management theory (pp. 157–178). Elsevier.
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp. 189–212). Springer.
Grossman, E. S., Hoffman, Y. S., Palgi, Y., & Shrira, A. (2021). COVID-19 related loneliness and sleep problems in older adults: Worries and resilience as potential moderators. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110371
Hayes, A. F. (2018). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
Klonover, E., Maytles, R., Trachtingot, I., & Bergman, Y. S. (2023). Sense of community, meaning in life, and satisfaction with life among Ultra-Orthodox Jews: A mediation model. Journal of Community Psychology, 51(1), 516–523. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22914
Kosloff, S., Anderson, G., Nottbohm, A., & Hoshiko, B. (2019). Proximal and distal terror management defenses: A systematic review and analysis. In C. Routledge & M. Vess (Eds.), Handbook of terror management theory (pp. 31–63). Elsevier.
Kotter-Grühn, D., Grühn, D., & Smith, J. (2010). Predicting one’s own death: The relationship between subjective and objective nearness to death in very old age. European Journal of Ageing, 7(4), 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-010-0165-1
Kumar, A., & Nayar, K. R. (2021). COVID-19 and its mental health consequences. Journal of Mental Health, 30(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1757052
Malach, G., & Cahaner, L. (2020). Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel 2020. Jerusalem: The Israel Democracy Institute. Retrieved from: https://en.idi.org.il/haredi/2020/?chapter=34277
Malovicki-Yaffe, N., Itzhaki-Braun, Y., & Shahar-Rosenblum, S. (2023). Enlisting in the army in the Jewish Ultraorthodox community and the consequences for wellbeing. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1132624. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1132624
Maytles, R., Bergman, Y. S., & Trachtingot, I. (2021). Caregiving burden and depressive symptoms among ultra-orthodox Jews: The moderating role of sense of community. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 31(3), 305–313. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2514
McPherson, K. E., McAloney-Kocaman, K., McGlinchey, E., Faeth, P., & Armour, C. (2021). Longitudinal analysis of the UK COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study: Trajectories of anxiety, depression and COVID-19-related stress symptomology. Psychiatry Research, 304, 114138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114138
Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Hirschberger, G. (2003). The existential function of close relationships: Introducing death into the science of love. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7(1), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0701_2
Pfeffer, Y. (2020). From sector to people: ultra-orthodox society in the face of the COVID-19 crisis. Hashiloach, September, 2020. (Hebrew). https://hashiloach.org.il/issues/%d7%92%d7%99%d7%9c%d7%99%d7%95%d7%9f-%d7%a7%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%a0%d7%94/
Postmes, T., Haslam, S. A., & Jans, L. (2013). A single-item measure of social identification: Reliability, validity, and utility. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(4), 597–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12006
Pyszczynski, T., Lockett, M., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2021). Terror Management Theory and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 61(2), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167820959488
Ring, L., Greenblatt-Kimron, L., & Palgi, Y. (2022). The moderating role of subjective nearness-to-death in the association between health worries and death anxieties from COVID-19. Death Studies, 46(7), 1762–1767. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1821261
Russo-Netzer, P., & Bergman, Y. S. (2020). Prioritizing patterns and life satisfaction among Ultra-Orthodox Jews: The moderating role of the sense of community. The Journal of Psychology, 154(3), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2019.1704392
Segel-Karpas, D., & Bergman, Y. S. (2022). Subjective views of aging: A cultural perspective. In Y. Palgi, A. Shrira, & M. Diehl (Eds.), Subjective views of aging: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 133–150). Springer International Publishing.
Somech, L. Y., & Sagy, S. (2019). Perceptions of collective narratives and identity strategies as indicators of intergroup relations: The case of ultra-orthodox and National-Religious Jewish communities in Israel. International Journal of Conflict Management, 30(3), 290–308. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-06-2017-0058
Funding
The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection was performed by YT, material preparation by RM, and analyses by YSB. The first draft of the manuscript was written by YT, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethical Approval
This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the IRB of Ashkelon Academic College on July 16, 2020.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Trachtingot, I., Maytles, R. & Bergman, Y.S. Subjective Nearness-to-Death and COVID-19 Worries Among Ultra-Orthodox Jews in Israel: The Moderating Role of Israeli Identity and Sense of Community. J Relig Health 63, 838–850 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01992-4
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01992-4