Abstract
This study aimed to understand the significance of spirituality to Portuguese women who had a water birth. In-depth interviews, using a semi-structured questionnaire, were conducted with 24 women who experienced water birth at the hospital or home. Results were analyzed from a narrative interpretation perspective. Three spirituality-related categories emerged: (1) Beliefs and connections with the body; (2) Spirituality: integration of being a woman and transformation during birth; and (3) Spirituality as wisdom, intuition, or the sixth sense. Spirituality was perceived in women's faith and beliefs in a superior being that helped them manage the unpredictability and uncontrollability of giving birth.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
A Model Practice Template for Hydrotherapy in Labor and Birth. (2017). Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 62(1), 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12587
Abdollahpour, S., & Khosravi, A. (2018). Relationship between spiritual intelligence with happiness and fear of birth in Iranian pregnant women. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 23(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_39_16
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2019). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 766: Approaches to limit intervention during labor and birth. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 133(2), 406–408. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003081
Bardin, L. (2011). Content analysis (p. 70). Ediçoes.
Best, M. C., Jones, K., Merritt, F., Casey, M., Lynch, S., Eisman, J., Cohen, J., Mackie, D., Beilharz, K., & Kearney, M. (2022). Australian patient preferences for the introduction of spirituality into their healthcare journey: A mixed methods study. Journal of Religion and Health, 1, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01616-3
Biernacki, P., & Waldorf, D. (1981). Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods and Research, 10(2), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/004912418101000205
Callister, L. C., & Khalaf, I. (2010). Spirituality in childbearing women. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 19(2), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1624/105812410X495514
Callister, L. C., Khalaf, I., Semenic, S., Kartchner, R., & Vehvilainen-Julkunen, K. (2003). The pain of birth: Perceptions of culturally diverse women. Pain Management Nursing, 4(4), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1524-9042(03)00028-6
Chiang, Y. C., Lee, H. C., Chu, T. L., Han, C. Y., & Hsiao, Y. C. (2016). The impact of nurses’ spiritual health on their attitudes toward spiritual care, professional commitment, and caring. Nursing Outlook, 64(3), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2015.11.012
Cluett, E. R., & Burns, E. (2009). Immersion in water in labour and birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2(2), CD000111. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000111.pub3
Cluett, E. R., Burns, E., & Cuthbert, A. (2018). Immersion in water during labour and birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD000111. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000111.pub4
Cooper, M., Warland, J., & McCutcheon, H. (2018). Australian midwives views and experiences of practice and politics related to water immersion for labour and birth: A web based survey. Women and Birth: Journal of the Australian College of Midwives, 31(3), 184–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.09.001. Epub 2017 October 13.
Crowther, S. (2019). Spirituality and birth: Existential meanings and contemporary practice realities. Health and Social Care Chaplaincy, 7(2), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1558/hscc.37288
Crowther, S. A., Hall, J., Balabanoff, D., Baranowska, B., Kay, L., Menage, D., & Fry, J. (2021). Spirituality and birth: An international virtual co-operative inquiry. Women and Birth: Journal of the Australian College of Midwives, 34(2), e135–e145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.02.004
Crowther, S., & Hall, J. (2015). Spirituality and spiritual care in and around birth. Women and Birth: Journal of the Australian College of Midwives, 28(2), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.01.001
Davis-Floyd, R. E. (2003). Birth as an American rite of passage (2 ed.), with a new preface C. Berkeley (Ed.). University of California Press
Davis-Floyd, R. (2001). The technocratic, humanistic, and holistic paradigms of childbirth. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 75(Suppl 1), S5–S23.
Delgado, C. (2005). A discussion of the concept of spirituality. Nursing Science Quarterly, 18(2), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318405274828
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). The landscape of qualitative research (3rd ed.). SAGE
Enkin, M., Keirse, M., Neilson, J., Crowther, C., Duley, L., Hodnett, E., & Hofmeyr, J. (2000). A guide to effective care in pregnancy and birth (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Flick, U. (2008). An introduction to qualitative research (6th ed.). Sage Publications Ltd.
Garcia, L. (2007). Água em três movimentos: Sobre mitos, imaginário e o papel da mulher no manejo das águas. Gaia Scientia, 1(1), 17–23.
Gaskin, I. M. (1978). Spiritual midwifery (2nd ed.) Book Publishing Company.
Ghalaychi, Z., Dolatian, M., Mahmoodi, Z., Boromandnia, N., & Valizadeh, R. (2019). The relationship between spiritual health and spiritual intelligence of midwives and midwifery students and satisfaction of clients with vaginal birth. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 28(5), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.9734/JPRI/2019/v28i530215
Harper, B. (2014). Birth, bath, and beyond: The science and safety of water immersion during labor and birth. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 23(3), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.23.3.124
Koenig, H. G. (2008). Concerns about measuring “spirituality” in research. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(5), 349–355. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31816ff796
Linhares, C. H. (2012). The lived experiences of midwives with spirituality in birth: Mana from heaven. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 57(2), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-2011.2011.00133.x
Makvandi, S., Mirzaiinajmabadi, K., Sadeghi, R., Mahdavian, M., & Karimi, L. (2016). Meta-analysis of the effect of acupressure on duration of labor and mode of delivery. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 135(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2016.04.017
Minayo, M. D. S., Neto, C. O., Deslandes, S. F., & Gomes, R. (2001). Social research: Theory, method and creativity. Petrópolis: RJ: Vozes.
Moreira, Rd. S., Santana Junior, RNd. A., & Posso, M. B. S. (2021). Spirituality, nursing and pain: An indissociable triad. Brazilian Journal of Pain, 4, 344–352. https://doi.org/10.5935/2595-0118.20210069
Oboyle, C., Brady, V., & Timmins, F. (2017). Making space for spirituality in birth. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(19–20), 2823–2825. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.1379510
Ohaja, M., Murphy-Lawless, J., & Dunlea, M. (2019). Religion and spirituality in pregnancy and birth: The views of birth practitioners in Southeast Nigeria. Religions, 10(2), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10020082
Rosato, M., Mwansambo, C. W., Kazembe, P. N., Phiri, T., Soko, Q. S., Lewycka, S., Kunyenge, B. E., Vergnano, S., Osrin, D., Newell, M. L., & Anthony, M. D. L. (2006). Women’s groups’ perceptions of maternal health issues in rural Malawi. The Lancet, 368(9542), 1180–1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69475-0
Ross, L. A. (1994). Spiritual aspects of nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19(3), 439–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01105.x
Ross, L. A. (1995). The spiritual dimension: Its importance to patients’ health, well-being and quality of life and its implications for nursing practice. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 32(5), 457–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7489(95)00007-K
Taghizdeh, Z., Ebadi, A., Dehghani, M., Gharacheh, M., & Yadollahi, P. (2017). A time for psycho-spiritual transcendence: The experiences of Iranian women of pain during childbirth. Women and Birth: Journal of the Australian College of Midwives, 30(6), 491–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.04.010
Thomson, G., & Downe, S. (2013). A hero’s tale of birth. Midwifery, 29(7), 765–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2012.07.008
Timmins, F., & Caldeira, S. (Eds.) (2019). Spirituality in healthcare: Perspectives for innovative practice. Springer
Torskenæs, K. B., Baldacchino, D. R., Kalfoss, M., Baldacchino, T., Borg, J., Falzon, M., & Grima, K. (2015). Nurses’ and caregivers’ definition of spirituality from the Christian perspective: A comparative study between Malta and Norway. Journal of Nursing Management, 23(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12080
Weathers, E., McCarthy, G., & Coffey, A. (2016). Concept analysis of spirituality: An evolutionary approach. Nursing Forum, 51(2), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12128
Young, C., & Ayers, S. (2021). Risk and Resilience in Pregnancy and Birth. In Ungar, M. (Ed.) Multisystemic resilience. Oxford University. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190095888.003.0004
Funding
The authors have not disclosed any funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix 1: Interview Guide for Women
Appendix 1: Interview Guide for Women
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
da Costa Silveira de Camargo, J., dos Santos Oliveira Gama, F., Ochiai, A.M. et al. Spiritual Experiences of Portuguese Women Who had a Water Birth. J Relig Health 62, 3267–3284 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01826-3
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01826-3