Abstract
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is associated with increased risk of disease and death. Reports on ETS and religion are lacking. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to test this association. In 4,712 nonsmokers, serum cotinine level of 0.05–3.99 ng/mL indicated ETS exposure. Frequency of attendance at religious services was categorized as > = weekly or less. In bivariate analysis, ETS exposure occurred in 28.6% of those with > = weekly attendance but 36.4% of less frequent attenders (p = 0.0004). In logistic regression controlling for multiple confounders OR = 0.72, 95%CI 0.61–0.85. ETS exposure was negatively associated with religion.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
2006 Surgeon General’s Report | Smoking & Tobacco Use | CDC. (2019, June 18). https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2006/index.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2006). Tobacco use among adults—United States, 2005. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55(42), 1145–1148.
Dillon, M. (2003). Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Garrusi, B., & Nakhaee, N. (2012). Religion and smoking: A review of recent literature. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 43(3), 279–292. https://doi.org/10.2190/PM.43.3.g
Gillum, R. F. (2005). Frequency of attendance at religious services and cigarette smoking in American women and men: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Preventive Medicine, 41(2), 607–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.12.006
Holt, C. L., Clark, E. M., Debnam, K. J., & Roth, D. L. (2014). Religion and health in African Americans: The role of religious coping. American Journal of Health Behavior, 38(2), 190–199. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.38.2.4
Hussain, M., Walker, C., & Moon, G. (2019). Smoking and Religion: Untangling Associations using English Survey Data. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(6), 2263–2276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0434-9
Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. New York: Oxford University Press.
Liu, B., Henschke, C. I., Flores, R. M., & Taioli, E. (2020). Serum cotinine verification of self-reported smoking status among adults eligible for lung cancer screening in the 1999–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 144, 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.04.019
McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human motivation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schorling, J. B., Roach, J., Siegel, M., Baturka, N., Hunt, D. E., Guterbock, T. M., & Stewart, H. L. (1997). A trial of church-based smoking cessation interventions for rural African Americans. Preventive Medicine, 26(1), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1996.9988
Tsai, J., Homa, D. M., Gentzke, A. S., Mahoney, M., Sharapova, S. R., Sosnoff, C. S., et al. (2018). Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Nonsmokers—United States 1988–2014. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(48), 1342–1346.
Zipf, G., Chiappa, M., Porter, K. S., Ostchega, Y., Lewis, B. G., & Dostal, J. (2013). National health and nutrition examination survey: Plan and operations, 1999–2010. Vital and Health Statistics. Ser. 1. Programs and Collection Procedures, 56, 1–37.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gillum, R.F. Frequency of Attendance at Religious Services and Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke. J Relig Health 60, 1760–1765 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01130-4
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01130-4