Skip to main content
Log in

Performance of the Duke Religion Index and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale in Online Samples of Men Who Have Sex with Men

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Religion and Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Religiosity is associated with behaviors that reduce the risk of HIV/STI infection among general-population and heterosexual-specific samples. Whether this association is similar to homosexual persons is unknown. Measures of religiosity have not been evaluated psychometrically among men who have sex with men (MSM), a population who, because of stigma, experience religiosity differently than heterosexual persons. We assessed the duke religion index and the spiritual well-being in two samples of MSM. Neither instrument produced adequate model fit. To study the association between religiosity and HIV/STI risk behaviors among MSM, scales are needed that measure the religious and spiritual experiences of MSM.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bassett, R. L., Smith, A., Thrower, J., Tindall, M., Barclay, J., Tiuch, K., et al. (2005). One effort to measure implicit attitudes toward spirituality and religion. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 24(3), 210–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billy, J. O. G., Tanfer, K., Grady, W. R., & Klepinger, D. H. (1993). The sexual behavior of men in the United States. Family Planning Perspectives, 25(2), 52–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borman, P. D., & Dixon, D. N. (1998). Spirituality and the 12 steps of substance abuse recovery. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 26(3), 287–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bufford, R. K. (2010). Short version of the spiritual well-being scale for institutional research. Newberg, OR, USA: George Fox University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheever, K. H., Jubilan, B., Dailey, T., Ehehardt, K., Blumenstein, R., Morin, C. J., et al. (2005). Surgeons and the spirit: A study on the relationship of religiosity to clinical practice. Journal of Religion and Health, 44(1), 67–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chitwood, D. D., Weiss, M. L., & Leukefeld, C. G. (2008). A systemic review of recent literature on religiosity and substance use. Journal of Drug Issues, 38(3), 653–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, J. C., Rabin, A. S., Smith, T. L., & Kaufman, A. S. (2004). Development and validation of a rasch-derived CES-D short form. Psychological Assessment, 16(4), 360–372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton, S., Puchalski, C., Sherman, S., Mrus, J., Peterman, A., Feinberg, J., et al. (2006). Spirituality and religion in patients with HIV/AIDS. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, S5–S13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daaleman, T. P. (1999). Belief and subjective well-being in outpatients. Journal of Religion and Health, 38(3), 219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. K., Moore, N. B., & Ullstrup, K. M. (2004). Religiosity and sexual responsibility: Relationships of choice. American Journal of Health Behavior, 28(4), 335–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, T. L., Kerr, B. A., & Kurpius, S. E. R. (2003). Meaning, purpose, and religiosity in at-risk youth: The relationship between anxiety and spirituality. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 31(4), 356–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dedert, E. A., Studts, J. L., Weissbecker, I., Salmon, P. G., Banis, P. L., & Sephton, S. E. (2004). Religiosity may help preserve the cortisol rhythm in women with stress-related illness. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 34(1), 61–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, B., Sandfort, T. G., Yarber, W. L., & de Wit, J. (2005). Sexual health among male college students in the United States and The Netherlands. American Journal of Health Behavior, 29(2), 172–182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggers, S. J. (2003). Older adult spirituality: What is it? A factor analysis of three related instruments. Journal of Religious Gerontology, 14(4), 3–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, C. W. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(4), 330–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, J. A. (1984). Detecting alcoholism: The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 252(14), 1905–1907.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fee, J. L., & Ingram, J. A. (2004). Correlation of the holy spirit questionnaire with the spiritual well-being scale and the spiritual assessment inventory. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32(2), 104–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fierros-Gonzalez, R., & Brown, J. M. (2002). High risk behaviors in a sample of Mexican-American college students. Psychological Reports, 90(1), 117–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, P. C., & Stacks, J. (2003). The association between spiritual well-being and clergy sexual misconduct. Journal of Religion & Abuse, 5(1), 79–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galvan, F. H., Collins, R. L., Kanouse, D. E., Pantoja, P., & Golinelli, D. (2007). Religiosity, denominational affiliation and sexual behaviors among people with HIV in the United States. Journal of Sex Research, 44(1), 49–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, D. I., Gray-Stanley, J., & Ramirez-Valles, J. (2008). “The priest obviously doesn’t know that I’m gay”: The religious and spiritual journeys of Latino gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 55(3), 411–436.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Genia, V. (2001). Evaluation of the spiritual well-being scale in a sample of college students. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 11(1), 25–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gow, A., Watson, R., Whiteman, M., & Deary, I. (2011). A stairway to heaven? Structure of the religious involvement inventory and spiritual well-being scale. Journal of Religion and Health, 50(1), 5–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, P. C., & Hood, R. W., Jr. (Eds.). (1999). Measures of religiosity. Birmingham, AL, USA: Religious Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y., Seidlitz, L., Ro, Y., Evinger, J. S., & Duberstein, P. R. (2004). Spirituality and affect: A function of changes in religious affiliation. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(4), 861–870.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klemmack, D. L., Roff, L. L., Parker, M. W., Koenig, H. G., Sawyer, P., & Allman, R. M. (2007). A cluster analysis typology of religiousness/spirituality among older adults. Research on Aging, 29(2), 21p.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G. (Ed.). (1998). Handbook of religion and mental health. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G., Parkerson, G. R., & Meador, K. G. (1997). Religion index for psychiatric research. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(6), 885–886.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, M. R., Hogue, C. J., & Gaydos, L. M. (2007). Noncontracepting behavior in women at risk for unintended pregnancy: What’s religion got to do with it? Annals of Epidemiology, 17(5), 327–334.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krucoff, M. W., Crater, S. W., Green, C. L., Maas, A. C., Seskevich, J. E., Lane, J. D., et al. (2001). Integrative noetic therapies as adjuncts to percutaneous intervention during unstable coronary syndromes: Monitoring and actualization of noetic training (MANTRA) feasibility pilot. American Heart Journal, 142(5), 760–769.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, K. A., & Younger, J. W. (2002). Theobiology: An analysis of spirituality, cardiovascular responses, stress, mood, and physical health. Journal of Religion and Health, 41(4), 347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J., Miller, L., & Chang, E. S. (2006). Religious identity among Christian Korean-American adolescents. Psychological Reports, 98(1), 14p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz, E. S., Gillen, M. M., Shearer, C. L., & Boone, T. L. (2004). Religiosity, sexual behaviors, and sexual attitudes during emerging adulthood. Journal of Sex Research, 41(2), 150–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Machacek, D. W., & Wilcox, M. M. (Eds.). (2003). Sexuality and the world’s religions. Santa Barbara, CA, USA: ABC-CLIO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manlove, J. S., Terry-Humen, E., Ikramullah, E. N., & Moore, K. A. (2006). The role of parent religiosity in teens’ transitions to sex and contraception. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(4), 578–587.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCauley, J., Jenckes, M. W., Tarpley, M. J., Koenig, H. G., Yanek, L. R., & Becker, D. M. (2005). Spiritual beliefs and barriers among managed care practitioners. Journal of Religion and Health, 44(2), 10p.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58(4), 525–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meredith, W., & Teresi, J. A. (2006). An essay on measurement and factorial invariance. Medical Care, 44(11 Suppl 3), S69–S77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, I. H., & Dean, L. (1998). Internalized homophobia, intimacy, and sexual behavior among gay and bisexual men. In G. M. Herek (Ed.), Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (pp. 160–186). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

  • Mihaljević, S., Vuksan-Ćusa, B., Marčinko, D., Koić, E., Kušević, Z., & Jakovljević, M. (2011). Spiritual well-being, cortisol, and suicidality in Croatian war veterans suffering from PTSD. Journal of Religion and Health, 50(2), 464–473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Musgrave, C. F., & McFarlane, E. A. (2004). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, spiritual well-being, and attitudes toward spiritual care: A comparison of Israeli Jewish oncology nurses’ scores. Oncology Nursing Forum, 31(6), 1179–1183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. K. (1998–2009). Mplus (version 5.21). Las Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.

  • Nonnemaker, J. M., McNeely, C. A., & Blum, R. W. (2003). Public and private domains of religiosity and adolescent health risk behaviors: Evidence from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Social Science and Medicine, 57(11), 2049–2054.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life. (2008). US religious landscape survey. Washington, DC, USA: Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life.

  • Roof, W. C., & McKinney, W. M. (1987). American mainline religion. New Brunswick, NJ, USA: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosario, M., Yali, A. M., Joyce, H., & Gwadz, M. V. (2006). Religion and health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: An empirical investigation and theoretical explanation. In A. M. Omoto & H. S. Kurtzman (Eds.), Sexual orientation and mental health (pp. 117–140). Washington, DC, USA: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roseborough, D. (2006). Coming out stories framed as faith narratives, or stories of spiritual growth. Pastoral Psychology, 55, 47–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosser, B. R. S. (1992). Gay Catholics down under: The journeys in sexuality and spirituality of gay men in Australia and New Zealand. Westport, CT, USA: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saguil, A., Fitzpatrick, A. L., & Clark, G. (2011). Is evidence able to persuade physicians to discuss spirituality with patients? Journal of Religion and Health, 50(2), 289–299.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seidman, S. N., Mosher, W. D., & Aral, S. O. (1992). Women with multiple sexual partners: United States, 1988. American Journal of Public Health, 82(10), 1388–1394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shallenberger, D. (1996). Reclaiming the spirit: The journeys of gay men and lesbian women toward integration. Qualitative Psychology, 19(2), 195–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, A. C., Simonton, S., Adams, D. C., Latif, U., Plante, T. G., Burns, S. K., et al. (2001). Measuring religious faith in cancer patients: Reliability and construct validity of the Santa Clara strength of religious faith questionnaire. Psycho-oncology, 10(5), 436–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J., & Ellison, C. W. (1991). Toward an integrative measure of health and well-being. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19(1), 35–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B., & Horne, S. (2007). Gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered (GLBT) experiences with earth-spirited faith. Journal of Homosexuality, 52(3–4), 235–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smolenski, D. J., Diamond, P. M., Ross, M. W., & Rosser, B. R. S. (2010). Revision, criterion validity, and multigroup assessment of the reactions to homosexuality scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(6), 568–576.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • StataCorp LP. (2009). STATA-IC (version 11). College Station, TX, USA: StataCorp LP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storch, E. A., Storch, J. B., Kovacs, A. H., Okun, A., & Welsh, E. (2003). Intrinsic religiosity and substance use in intercollegiate athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(2), 5p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storch, E. A., Roberti, J. W., Heidgerken, A. D., Storch, J. B., Lewin, A. B., Killiany, E. M., et al. (2004a). The Duke religion index: A psychometric investigation. Pastoral Psychology, 53(2), 7p.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Storch, E. A., Strawser, M. S., & Storch, J. B. (2004b). Two-week test–retest reliability of the Duke religion index. Psychological Reports, 94(3), 2p.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Studer, M., & Arland, T. (1987). Adolescent religiosity and contraceptive usage. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49(1), 117–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szaflarski, M., Ritchey, P. N., Leonard, A. C., Mrus, J. M., Peterman, A. H., Ellison, C. G., et al. (2006). Modeling the effects of spirituality/religion on patients’ perceptions of living with HIV/AIDS. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 11p.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, P. P. (2005). The importance of spirituality among gay and lesbian individuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 49(2), 135–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, E. R. (2007). Development and validation of an internationally reliable short-form of the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(2), 227–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tshabalala, B. G., & Patel, C. J. (2010). The role of praise and worship activities in spiritual well-being: Perceptions of a Pentecostal youth ministry group. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 15(1), 73–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Meer Sanchez, Z., Garcia De Oliveira, L. C., & Aparecida Nappo, S. (2008). Religiosity as a protective factor against the use of drugs. Substance Use and Misuse, 43(10), 1476–1486.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, A. D., Li, Z., & Zumbo, B. D. (2007). Decoding the meaning of factorial invariance and updating the practice of multi-group confirmatory factor analysis: A demonstration with TIMSS data. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 12(3), 1–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yip, A. K. T. (1997). Dare to differ: Gay and lesbian Catholics’ assessment of official Catholic positions on sexuality. Sociology of Religion, 58(2), 165–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yip, A. K. T. (1999). The politics of counter-rejection: Gay Christians and the church. Journal of Homosexuality, 37(2), 47–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yip, A. K. T. (2002). The persistence of faith among nonheterosexual Christians: Evidence for the neosecularization thesis of religious transformation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(2), 199–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaleski, E. H., & Schiaffino, K. M. (2000). Religiosity and sexual risk-taking behavior during the transition to college. Journal of Adolescence, 23(2), 223–227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism funded the Structural Factors to Lower Alcohol-Related HIV Risk Project, Grant number R01AA016270-01A1. The National Institute of Mental Health Center for Mental Health Research on AIDS funded the Sexually Explicit Media (SEM) Study, Grant number R01MH087231. All research was carried out with the approval of the University of Minnesota Institutional Review Board.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Michael Wilkerson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wilkerson, J.M., Smolensk, D.J., Brady, S.S. et al. Performance of the Duke Religion Index and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale in Online Samples of Men Who Have Sex with Men. J Relig Health 52, 610–621 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9594-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9594-9

Keywords

Navigation