Abstract
In the aftermath of loss, it is not uncommon for individuals to disclose psycho-spiritual experiences that lead to personal changes and psychological growth. This article argues for and outlines a broad conceptual framework that captures and acknowledges the significance of these subjective experiences. The model synthesises and integrates two approaches to healthy growth: Lawrence Calhoun and Richard Tedeschi’s post-traumatic growth model and Stanislav and Christina Grof’s model of psycho-spiritual transformation. A rationale for a broader model and underpinning theory is briefly discussed, and their shared understandings about the human potential for growth in the struggle through loss are explored.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ankrah, L. (2002). Spiritual emergency and counselling: An exploratory study. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 2(1), 55–60.
Attig, T. (1996). How we grieve, relearning the world. New York: Oxford University Press.
Balk, D. E. (1999). Bereavement and spiritual change. Death Studies, 23(6), 485–493.
Bonanno, G. A. (2009). The other side of sadness: What the new science of bereavement tells us about life after loss. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bragdon, E. (1988). A sourcebook for helping people in spiritual emergency. Los Altos, CA: Lightening Up.
Bray, P. (2008). Counselling adolescents when ‘spiritual emergence’ becomes ‘spiritual emergency’. New Zealand Journal of Counselling, 28(1), 24–40.
Bray, P. (2010). A broader framework for exploring the influence of spiritual experience in the wake of stressful life events: Examining connections between posttraumatic growth and psycho-spiritual transformation. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 13(3), 293–308.
Calhoun, L., & Tedeschi, R. (1999). Facilitating posttraumatic growth: A clinician’s guide. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Calhoun, L., & Tedeschi, R. (2001). Posttraumatic growth: The positive lessons of loss. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Calhoun, L., & Tedeschi, R. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Calhoun, L., Tedeschi, R., Cann, A., & Hanks, A. (2010). Positive outcomes following bereavement: Paths to posttraumatic growth. Psychologica Belgica, 50(1, 2), 125–143.
Corr, C. A., & Coolican, M. B. (2010). Understanding bereavement, grief, and mourning: implications for donation and transplant professionals. Progress in Transplantation, 20, 169–177.
Cortright, B. (1997). Psychotherapy and spirit: Theory and practice in transpersonal psychotherapy. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Field, N. P., & Filanosky, C. (2010). Continuing bonds, risk factors for complicated grief, and adjustment to bereavement. Death Studies, 34, 1–29.
Gamino, L. A., Sewell, K. W., & Easterling, L. W. (2000). Scott and White grief study–phase 2: Towards an adaptive model of grief. Death Studies, 24, 633–660.
Griffith, J., & Griffith, M. (2002). Encountering the sacred in psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.
Grof, S. (1985). Beyond the brain: Birth, death and transcendence in psychotherapy. Albany: State University New York Press.
Grof, S. (1996). Healing potential of non-ordinary states of consciousnes. In S. Boorstein (Ed.), Transpersonal psychotherapy (2nd ed., pp. 485–519). Albany: State University of New York Press.
Grof, S. (1998). The cosmic game: Explorations of the frontiers of human consciousness. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Grof, S. (2000). Psychology of the future: Lessons from modern consciousness research. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Grof, S., & Grof, C. (Eds.). (1989). Spiritual emergency: When personal transformation becomes a crisis. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
Grof, S., & Grof, C. (1990). The stormy search for self: A guide to personal growth through transformational crises. Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher.
Jang, L., & LaMendola, W. (2007). Social work in natural disasters: The case of spirituality and post-traumatic growth. Advances in Social Work, 8(2), 305–316.
Johnson, C., & Friedman, H. (2008). Enlightened or delusional?: Differentiating religious, spiritual, and transpersonal experiences from psychopathology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 48(4), 505–527.
Jung, C. G. (1959). The archetypes and the collective unconscious. Collected works, Vol. 9, 1. Bollingen series XX. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. L. (1996). Continuing bonds. Washington: Taylor Francis.
Lancaster, B. L., & Palframan, J. T. (2009). Coping with major life events: The role of spirituality and self-transformation. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 12(3), 257–276.
Marrone, R. (1999). Dying, mourning, and spirituality: A psychological perspective. Death Studies, 23, 495–519.
Neimeyer, R. A. (1998). Lessons of loss: A guide to coping. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Nelson, J. M. (2009). Psychology, religion, and spirituality (pp. 475–506). New York: Springer.
Nolen-Hoeksema. (2001). Ruminative coping and adjustment to bereavement. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut, (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 545–562). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
O’Rourke, J., Tallman, B., & Altmaier, E. (2008). Measuring post-traumatic changes in spirituality/religiosity. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, June, 1–10.
Park, C., & Helgeson, V. (2006). Introduction to the special section: Growth following highly stressful life events–current status and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 791–796.
Parker, J. (2005). Extraordinary experiences of the bereaved and adaptive outcomes of grief. Omega, 51(4), 257–283.
Peteet, J. R., Lu, F. G., & Narrow, W. E. (Eds.). (2010). Religious and spiritual issues in psychiatric diagnosis: A research agenda for DSM-V. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.
Randal, P., & Argyle, N. (2005) ‘Spiritual emergency’—a useful explanatory model? A literature review and discussion paper. Retrieved, 20 June, 2008, from http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/PDF/DrPRandalDrArgyleEmergency.pdf.
Rando, T. A. (1993). Treatment of complicated mourning. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Rothaupt, J. W., & Becker, K. (2007). A literature review of Western bereavement theory: From decathecting to continuing bonds. The Family Journal, 1(15), 6–15.
Schaeffer, J. A., & Moos, R. H. (2001). Bereavement experience and personal growth. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 145–168). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Shaw, A., Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2005). Religion, spirituality, and posttraumatic growth: A systematic review. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 8(1), 1–11.
Smith, E. J. (2006). The strength-based counseling model: A paradigm shift in psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(1), 134–144.
Steffen, E., & Coyle, A. (2010). Can “sense of presence” experiences in bereavement be conceptualised as spiritual phenomena? Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 13(3), 273–291.
Stroebe, M., Gergen, M. M., Gergen, K. J., & Stroebe, W. (1992). Broken hearts or broken bonds. Love and death in historical perspective. American Psychologist, 47(10), 1205–1212.
Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description. Death Studies, 23, 192–224.
Stroebe, M. S., & Schut, H. (2001). Models of coping with bereavement: A review. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 375–403). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Tedeschi, R., & Calhoun, L. (1995). Trauma and transformation. Growing in the aftermath of suffering. London: SAGE Publications.
Tedeschi, L., & Calhoun, R. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471.
Tedeschi, R., & Calhoun, L. (2004a). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18.
Tedeschi, R., & Calhoun, L. (2004b). Posttraumatic growth: A new perspective on psychotraumatology. Psychiatric Times, 21(4), 58–60.
Tedeschi, R., & Calhoun, L. (2006). Time of change? The spiritual challenges of bereavement and loss. Omega, 53(1–2), 105–116.
Tedeschi, R., & Calhoun, L. (2008). Beyond the concept of recovery: Growth and the experience of loss. Death Studies, 32, 27–39.
Tedeschi, R., Park, C., & Calhoun, L. (Eds.). (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Worden, J. W. (2009). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner (4th ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
Wortmann, J., & Park, C. (2008). Religion and spirituality in adjustment following bereavement: An integrative review. Death Studies, 32, 703–736.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bray, P. Bereavement and Transformation: A Psycho-spiritual and Post-traumatic Growth Perspective. J Relig Health 52, 890–903 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-011-9539-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-011-9539-8