Skip to main content

Structural Constraints, Risky Lifestyles, and Repeat Victimization

Journal of Quantitative Criminology volume 34, pages 251–274 (2018)Cite this article

Abstract

Objectives

Research indicates that victims who make changes to their risky behavioral routines are better able to avoid being victimized again in the future. Nevertheless, some victims’ abilities to change their behaviors may be limited by what Hindelang et al. in Victims of personal crime: an empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Ballinger, Cambridge (1978) referred to as “structural constraints.” To assess this issue, we determine: (1) whether victims who reside in communities characterized by structural constraints (e.g., concentrated disadvantage) are more likely to continue engaging in risky behaviors (e.g., offending, illicit drug use, and getting drunk) after being victimized; and (2) whether victims who continue to engage in risky lifestyles have an increased likelihood of repeat victimization.

Methods

Ten waves of data (spanning nearly 7 years) from the Pathways to Desistance Study are used, and multilevel models are estimated to examine changes to risky lifestyles and repeat victimization among a subsample of victims.

Results

Findings indicate that community-level structural constraints impose limits on the changes that victims make to their risky lifestyles, and that these changes influence repeat victimization.

Conclusions

We conclude that, in the context of repeat victimization, structural constraints are both real and consequential, and that future theory and research should continue to explore how context shapes and influences victims’ behavioral routines.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price includes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Notes

  1. Additional information can also be found at www.pathwaysstudy.pitt.edu.

  2. A total of 220 respondents reported violent victimization at wave 1. Three of these respondents never completed a follow-up interview in the community, and thus were excluded from the study sample.

  3. Over the course of data collection—84 months—most of the victim subsample (93.2%) moved at least once, and over half of victims (54.6%) reported three or more moves where they experienced changes in community conditions.

  4. Prior to carrying out the multivariate analyses, a series of model diagnostics were examined to rule out the presence of multicollinearity. Specifically, bivariate correlations between the independent variables did not exceed an absolute value of .53, which is below the traditional threshold of .70, and variance inflation factors were under 2.30, which is below the standard “conservative” cut off of 4.0 (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2012).

  5. It is possible that changes in illicit drug use and changes in getting drunk do not fully mediate the effects of concentrated disadvantage on repeat victimization because these variables do not precisely measure whether drinking and drug use occur in the kinds of risky contexts that increase proximity to potential offenders. For our purposes, it would be ideal if we could account for whether respondents tend to use illicit drugs or get drunk in risky settings (e.g., in public vs. at home), at risky times (e.g., at night), and around risky people (e.g., others who are drunk or high) that increase the likelihood of repeat victimization (Pratt and Turanovic, 2016).

References

  • Agnew R (1999) A general strain theory of community differences in crime rates. J Res Crime Delinq 36:123–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agnew R (2006) Pressured into crime: an overview of general strain theory. Roxbury, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Akers RL (1998) Social learning and social structure: a general theory of crime and deviance. Northeastern University Press, Boston, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson E (1999) Code of the street: decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city. W.W. Norton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Averdijk M (2011) Reciprocal effects of victimization and routine activities. J Quant Criminol 27:125–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellair PE, Kowalski BR (2011) Low-skill employment opportunity and African American-White difference in recidivism. J Res Crime Delinq 48:176–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg MT, Loeber R (2011) Examining the neighborhood context of the violent offending-victimization relationship: a prospective investigation. J Quant Criminol 117:1–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg MT, Loeber R (2015) Violent conduct and victimization risk in the urban illicit drug economy: a prospective examination. Justice Q 32:32–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg MT, Stewart EA, Schreck CJ, Simons RL (2012) The victim-offender overlap in context: examining the role of neighborhood street culture. Criminology 50:359–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg MT, Slocum LA, Loeber R (2013) Illegal behavior, neighborhood context, and police reporting by victims of violence. J Res Crime Delinq 50:75–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjarnason T, Sigurdardottir TJ, Thorlindsson T (1999) Human agency, capable guardians, and structural constraints: a lifestyle approach to the study of violent victimization. J Youth Adolesc 28:105–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerk D (2009) How much can we trust causal interpretations of fixed-effects estimators in the context of criminality? J Quant Criminol 25:391–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolland JM (2003) Hopelessness and risk behavior among adolescents living in high-poverty inner-city neighborhoods. J Adolesc 26:145–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley RH, Corwyn RF (2002) Socioeconomic status and child development. Annu Rev Psychol 53:371–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bunch J, Clay-Warner J, Mcmahon-Howard J (2014) The effects of victimization on routine activities. Crim Justice Behav 41:574–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bursik RJ, Grasmick HG (1993) Neighborhoods and crime: the dimensions of effective community control. Lexington Books, Lanham

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson DC, Esbensen F, Taylor TJ (2013) A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between school victimization and student mobility. Youth Violence Juv Justice 11:275–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark KB (1965) Dark ghetto: dilemmas of social power. Harper and Row, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AK (1955) Delinquent boys: the culture of the gang. Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen LE, Felson M (1979) Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach. Am Sociol Rev 44:588–608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook PJ (1986) The demand and supply of criminal opportunities. Crime Justice 7:1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cops D, Pleysier S (2014) Usual suspects, ideal victims and vice versa: the relationship between youth offending and victimization and the mediating influence of risky lifestyles. Eur J Criminol 11:361–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles JS, Wigfield A, Schiefele U (1998) Motivation to succeed. In: Damon W, Eisenberg N (eds) Handbook of child psychology, vol 3, 5th edn. Wiley, New York, p 1017

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott DS (1990) National youth survey. University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrell G (1995) Preventing repeat victimization. Crime Justice 19:469–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell G, Pease K (2014) Repeat victimization. In: Bruinsma G, Weisburd D (eds) Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. Springer, New York, pp 4371–4381

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Felson M, Boba R (2010) Crime and everyday life, 4th edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher BS, Daigle LE, Cullen FT (2010) What distinguishes single from recurrent sexual victims? The role of lifestyle-routine activities and first-incident characteristics. Justice Q 27:102–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster H, Brooks-Gunn J (2013) Neighborhood, family and individual influences on school physical victimization. J Youth Adolesc 42:1596–1610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frederick TJ, McCarthy B, Hagan J (2013) Perceived danger and offending: exploring the links between violent victimization and street crime. Violence Vict 28:16–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garofalo J (1987) Reassessing the lifestyle model of criminal victimization. In: Gottfredson MR, Hirschi T (eds) Positive criminology. Sage, Newbury Park, pp 23–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson MR (1981) On the etiology of criminal victimization. J Crim Law Crim 72:714–726

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groff ER, Weisburd D, Yang SM (2010) Is it important to examine crime trends at a local “micro” level? A longitudinal analysis of street to street variability in crime trajectories. J Quant Criminol 26:7–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding DJ (2010) Living the drama: community, conflict, and culture among inner-city boys. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Haynie DL, Piquero AR (2006) Pubertal development and physical victimization in adolescence. J Res Crime Delinq 43:3–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hindelang MJ, Gottfredson MR, Garofalo J (1978) Victims of personal crime: an empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Ballinger, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfield A, Newton A, Rogerson M (2010) Linking burglary and target hardening at the property level: new insights into victimization and burglary protection. Crim Justice Pol Rev 21:319–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hox JJ (2010) Multilevel analysis: techniques and applications, 2nd edn. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Huizinga D, Esbensen F, Weiher AW (1991) Are there multiple paths to delinquency? J Crim Law Crim 82:83–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs BA, Wright R (2006) Street justice: retaliation in the criminal underworld. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings WG, Piquero AR, Reingle J (2012) On the overlap between victimization and offending: a review of the literature. Aggress Violent Behav 17:16–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen GF, Brownfield D (1986) Gender, lifestyles, and victimization: beyond routine activity. Violence Vict 1:85–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson SD, Bowers KJ (2004) The burglary as clue to the future: the beginnings of prospective hot-spotting. Eur J Criminol 1:237–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson SD, Summers L, Pease K (2009) Offender as forager? A direct test of the boost account of victimization. J Quant Criminol 25:181–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman JM, Rebellon CJ, Thaxton S, Agnew R (2008) A general strain theory of racial differences in criminal offending. Aust N Z J Criminol 41:421–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kendrick K, Jutengren G, Stattin H (2012) The protective role of supportive friends against bullying perpetration and victimization. J Adolesc 35:1069–1080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozol J (2006) The shame of the nation: the restoration of apartheid schooling in America. Broadway, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Laub JH, Sampson RJ (2001) Understanding desistance from crime. Crime Justice 28:1–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauritsen JL (2001) The social ecology of violent victimization: individual and contextual effects in the NCVS. J Quant Criminol 17:3–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauritsen JL, Quinet KD (1995) Repeat victimization among adolescents and young adults. J Quant Criminol 11:143–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauritsen JL, Sampson RJ, Laub JH (1991) The link between offending and victimization among adolescents. Criminology 29:265–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal T, Brooks-Gunn J (2000) The neighborhoods they live in: the effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychol Bull 126:309–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lilly JR, Cullen FT, Ball RA (2015) Criminological theory: context and consequences, 6th edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindegaard MR, Miller J, Reynald DM (2013) Transitory mobility, cultural heterogeneity, and victimization risk among young men of color: insights from an ethnographic study in Cape Town, South Africa. Criminology 51:967–1008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liska AE, Warner BD (1991) Functions of crime: a paradoxical process. Am J Sociol 96:1441–1463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long JM, Campbell K, Shanley P, Crusto CA, Connell CM (2016) Building capacity for trauma-informed care in the child welfare system: initial results of a statewide implementation. Child Maltreat 21:113–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macmillan R (2001) Violence and the life course: the consequences of victimization for personal and social development. Annu Rev Sociol 27:1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matza D (1964) Delinquency and drift. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • McGloin JM, Sullivan CJ, Piquero AR, Pratt TC (2007) Local life circumstances and offending specialization/versatility: comparing opportunity and propensity models. J Res Crime Delinq 44:321–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McInerney P, Smyth J (2014) ‘I want to get a piece of paper that says I can do stuff’: youth narratives of educational opportunities and constraints in low socio-economic neighbourhoods. Ethnography Educ 9:239–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menard S (2000) The ‘normality’ of repeat victimization from adolescence through early adulthood. Justice Q 17:543–574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miethe TD, McDowall D (1993) Contextual effects in models of criminal victimization. Soc Forces 71:741–759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miethe TD, Stafford MC, Sloane D (1990) Lifestyle changes and risks of criminal victimization. J Quant Criminol 6:357–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulvey EP, Steinberg L, Fagan J, Cauffman E, Piquero AR, Chassin L, Knight GP, Brame R, Schubert CA, Hecker T, Losoya SH (2004) Theory and research on desistance from antisocial activity among serious adolescent offenders. Youth Violence Juv Justice 2:213–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulvey EP, Schubert CA, Piquero AR (2014) Pathways to Desistance: final technical report. National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Mustaine EE, Tewksbury R (1998) Predicting risks of larceny theft victimization: a routine activity analysis using refined lifestyle measures. Criminology 36:829–858

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborn DR, Ellingworth D, Hope T, Trickett A (1996) Are repeatedly victimized households different? J Quant Criminol 12:223–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ousey GC, Wilcox P, Brummel S (2008) Déjà vu all over again: investigating temporal continuity of adolescent victimization. J Quant Criminol 24:307–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauwels LJR, Svensson R (2011) Exploring the relationship between offending and victimization: what is the role of risky lifestyles and low self-control? A test in two urban samples. Eur J Crim Pol Res 17:163–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson RD, Krivo LJ (2010) Divergent social worlds: neighborhood crime and the racial-spatial divide. Russell Sage Foundation, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson D, Taylor TJ, Esbensen FA (2004) Gang membership and violent victimization. Justice Q 21:793–815

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinchevsky GM, Wright EM (2012) The impact of neighborhoods on intimate partner violence and victimization. Trauma Violence Abuse 13:112–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piquero AR, MacDonald J, Dobrin A, Daigle LE, Cullen FT (2005) Self-control, violent offending, and homicide victimization: assessing the general theory of crime. J Quant Criminol 21:55–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter L, Vogel M (2014) Residential mobility and delinquency revisited: causation or selection? J Quant Criminol 30:187–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Posick C (2013) The overlap between offending and victimization among adolescents: results from the second international self-report delinquency study. J Contemp Crim Justice 29:106–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Posick C, Zimmerman GM (2015) Person-in-context: insights on contextual variation in the victim-offender overlap across schools. J Interpers Violence 30:1432–1455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt TC (2016) A self-control/life-course theory of criminal behavior. Eur J Criminol 13:129–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt TC, Cullen FT (2005) Assessing macro-level predictors and theories of crime: a meta-analysis. Crime Justice 32:373–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt TC, Turanovic JJ (2016) Lifestyle and routine activity theories revisited: the importance of ‘risk’ to the study of victimization. Vict Offender 11:335–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt TC, Turner MG, Piquero AR (2004) Parental socialization and community context: a longitudinal analysis of the structural sources of low self-control. J Res Crime Delinq 41:219–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt TC, Turanovic JJ, Fox KA, Wright KA (2014) Self-control and victimization: a meta-analysis. Criminology 52:87–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raudenbush SW, Bryk AS (2002) Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods, 2nd edn. Sage, Newbury Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Raudenbush SW, Sampson RJ (1999) Ecometrics: toward a science of assessing ecological settings, with application to the systematic social observation of neighborhoods. Sociol Methodol 29:1–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose DR, Clear TR (1998) Incarceration, social capital, and crime: implications for social disorganization theory. Criminology 36:441–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rountree PW, Land KC, Miethe TD (1994) Macro-micro integration in the study of victimization: a hierarchical logistic model analysis across Seattle neighborhoods. Criminology 32:387–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruback RB, Clark VA, Warner C (2014) Why are crime victims at risk of being victimized again? Substance use, depression, and offending as mediators of the victimization-revictimization link. J Interpers Violence 29:157–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson RJ (2011) Communities and crime revisited. In: Cullen FT, Jonson CL, Meyer AJ, Adler F (eds) The origins of American criminology—advances in criminological theory, vol 16. Transaction, New Brunswick, pp 63–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson RJ (2012) Great American city: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson RJ (2013) The place of context: a theory and strategy for criminology’s hard problems. Criminology 51:1–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson RJ, Bean L (2006) Cultural mechanisms and killing fields: A revised theory of community-level racial inequality. In: Peterson R, Krivo L, Hagan J (eds) The many colors of crime: inequalities of race, ethnicity and crime in America. New York University Press, New York, pp 8–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson RJ, Lauritsen JL (1990) Deviant lifestyles, proximity to crime, and the offender-victim link in personal violence. J Res Crime Delinq 27:110–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson RJ, Raudenbush S (1999) Systematic social observation of public spaces: a new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. Am J Sociol 105:603–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson RJ, Raudenbush S, Earls F (1997) Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science 277:918–924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson RJ, Morenoff JD, Gannon-Rowley T (2002) Assessing ‘neighborhood effects’: social processes and new directions in research. Annu Rev Sociol 28:443–478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson RJ, Morenoff JD, Raudenbush S (2005) Social anatomy of racial and ethnic disparities in violence. Am J Public Health 95:224–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schreck CJ (1999) Criminal victimization and low self-control: an extension and test of a general theory of crime. Justice Q 16:633–654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schreck CJ, Stewart EA (2011) The victim-offender overlap and its implications for juvenile justice. In: Feld BC, Bishop DM (eds) The Oxford handbook of juvenile crime and juvenile justice. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 47–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreck CJ, Wright RA, Miller JM (2002) A study of individual and situational antecedents of violent victimization. Justice Q 19:159–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schreck CJ, Stewart EA, Fisher BS (2006) Self-control, victimization, and their influence on risky lifestyles: a longitudinal analysis using panel data. J Quant Criminol 22:319–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert CA, Mulvey EP, Steinberg L, Cauffman E, Losoya SH, Hecker T, Chassin L, Knight GP (2004) Operational lessons from the Pathways to Desistance Project. Youth Violence Juv Justice 2:237–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz D, Lansford JE, Dodge KA, Pettit GS, Bates JE (2013) The link between harsh home environments and negative academic trajectories is exacerbated by victimization in the elementary school peer group. Dev Psychol 49:305–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selner-O’Hagan MB, Kindlon DJ, Buka SL (1998) Assessing exposure to violence in urban youth. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 39:215–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharkey PT (2006) Navigating dangerous streets: the sources and consequences of street efficacy. Am Sociol Rev 71:826–846

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw CR, McKay HD (1942) Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Shorey RC, Moore TM, McNulty JK, Stuart GL (2016) Do alcohol and marijuana increase the risk for female dating violence victimization? A prospective daily diary. Psychol Violence 6:509–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sickmund M, Puzzanchera C (eds) (2014) Juvenile offenders and victims: 2014 national report. National Center for Juvenile Justice, Pittsburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer S (1986) Victims of serious violence and their criminal behavior: subcultural theory and beyond. Violence Vict 1:61–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Skogan WG, Maxfield MG (1981) Coping with crime: individual and neighborhood reactions. Sage, Thousand Oaks

    Google Scholar 

  • South SJ, Deane GD (1993) Race and residential mobility: individual determinants and structural constraints. Soc Forces 72:147–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg L, Cauffman E (1996) Maturity of judgment in adolescence: psychosocial factors in adolescent decision making. Law Human Behav 20:249–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart EA, Simons RL (2010) Race, code of the street, and violent delinquency: a multilevel investigation of neighborhood street culture and individual norms of violence. Criminology 48:569–605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart EA, Schreck CJ, Simons RL (2006) ‘I ain’t gonna let no one disrespect me’: does the code of the street reduce or increase violent victimization among African American adolescents? J Res Crime Delinq 43:427–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan M (1989) “Getting paid”: youth crime and work in the inner city. Cornell University Press, Ithaca

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan CJ, McGloin JM, Pratt TC, Piquero AR (2006) Rethinking the ‘norm’ of offender generality: investigating specialization in the short-term. Criminology 44:199–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan CJ, McGloin JM, Ray JV, Caudy MS (2009) Detecting specialization in offending: comparing analytic approaches. J Quant Criminol 25:419–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeten G, Piquero AR, Steinberg L (2013a) Age and the explanation of crime, revisited. J Youth Adolesc 42:921–938

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeten G, Pyrooz DC, Piquero AR (2013b) Disengaging from gangs and desistance from crime. Justice Q 30:469–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (2012) Using multivariate statistics, 6th edn. Pearson, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  • Testa M, Hoffman JH, Livingston J (2010) Alcohol and sexual risk behaviors as mediators of the sexual victimization-revictimization relationship. J Consult Clin Psych 78:249–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson SK, Gartner R (2014) The spatial distribution and social context of homicide in Toronto’s neighborhoods. J Res Crime Delinq 51:88–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornberry TP, Lizotte AJ, Krohn MD, Farnworth M, Jang SJ (1994) Delinquent peers, beliefs, and delinquent behavior: a longitudinal test of interactional theory. Criminology 32:47–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tseloni A, Pease K (2003) Repeat personal victimization: ‘boosts’ or ‘flags’?”. Brit J Criminol 43:196–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turanovic JJ (2015) The age-graded consequences of victimization. Doctoral Dissertation, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix

  • Turanovic JJ, Pratt TC (2014) ‘Can’t stop, won’t stop’: self-control, risky lifestyles, and repeat victimization. J Quant Criminol 30:29–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turanovic JJ, Pratt TC (2015) Longitudinal effects of violent victimization during adolescence on adverse outcomes in adulthood: a focus on prosocial attachments”. J Pediatr 166:1062–1069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turanovic JJ, Pratt TC (2016) Consequences of violent victimization for Native American youth in early adulthood. J Youth Adolesc. doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0587-y

    Google Scholar 

  • Turanovic JJ, Reisig MD, Pratt TC (2015) Risky lifestyles, low self-control, and violent victimization across gendered pathways to crime. J Quant Criminol 31:183–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Bureau of the Census (2000) 2000 Census—Census block maps. http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/maps/block/2000/. June 2015

  • Warnken H (2014) Untold stories of California crime victims: research and recommendations on repeat victimization and rebuilding lives. Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law and Social Policy, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Warr M (2002) Companions in crime: the social aspects of criminal conduct. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler D (1999) Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger DA, Schwartz GE (1990) Distress and restraint as superordinate dimensions of self-reported adjustment: a typological perspective. J Pers 58:381–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisburd D (2015) The law of crime concentration and the criminology of place. Criminology 53:133–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisburd D, Groff ER, Yang S (2012) The criminology of place: street segments and our understanding of the crime problem. Oxford University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson WJ (1987) The truly disadvantaged: the inner city, the underclass, and public policy. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson WJ (2009) More than just race: being black and poor in the inner city. W.W. Norton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittebrood K, Nieuwbeerta P (2000) Criminal victimization during one’s life course: the effects of previous victimization and patterns of routine activities. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 37:91–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfgang ME, Ferracuti F (1967) The subculture of violence: towards an integrated theory in criminology. Tavistock, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright KA, Kim B, Chassin L, Losoya SH, Piquero AR (2014) Ecological context, concentrated disadvantage, and youth reoffending: identifying the social mechanisms in a sample of serious adolescent offenders. J Youth Adolesc 43:1781–1799

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright KA, Turanovic JJ, Rodriguez N (2016) Racial inequality, ethnic inequality, and the system-involvement of at-risk youth: implications for the racial invariance and Latino paradox theses. Justice Q 33:863–889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie M, McDowall D (2008) The effects of residential turnover on household victimization. Criminology 46:539–575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ybarra LM, Lohr SL (2002) Estimates of repeat victimization using the National Crime Victimization Survey. J Quant Criminol 18:1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman GM (2010) Impulsivity, offending, and the neighborhood: investigating the person–context nexus. J Quant Criminol 26:301–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The Pathways to Desistance Study was supported by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (2000-MU–MU-0007), the National Institute of Justice (199-IJ-CX-0053), the National Institute of Drug Abuse (R01 DA019697-01), the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the William T. Grant Foundation, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, The Center for Disease Control, The William Penn Foundation, The Arizona Governor’s Justice Commission, and the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency. We are grateful for their support. The content of this paper, however, is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of these agencies.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 112 S. Copeland Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1273, USA

    Jillian J. Turanovic

  2. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Travis C. Pratt

  3. University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA

    Alex R. Piquero

Authors
  1. Jillian J. Turanovic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Travis C. Pratt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alex R. Piquero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jillian J. Turanovic.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Turanovic, J.J., Pratt, T.C. & Piquero, A.R. Structural Constraints, Risky Lifestyles, and Repeat Victimization. J Quant Criminol 34, 251–274 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-016-9334-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-016-9334-5

Keywords

  • Violent victimization
  • Structural constraints
  • Risky lifestyles
  • Repeat victimization