Abstract
The increasing co-use of e-cigarette and cannabis among youth has become a public health challenge. The present analyses aimed to identify prevalence and correlates of past-month co-use of e-cigarettes and cannabis among adolescents with and without prior tobacco use. For this panel study, 5 years of cross-sectional data (2014–2018) were used from 8th, 10th-, and 12th-grade adolescents in the Monitoring the Future study, a nationally representative survey of U.S. students. We examined prevalence and correlates of e-cigarettes and cannabis co-use among adolescents who had ever used tobacco (n = 15,136) and among those who had never used tobacco (n = 56,525). Adolescents who had ever used tobacco showed significantly higher rates of e-cigarettes and cannabis co-use compared to adolescents who had never used tobacco (17.1% vs. 2.2%, p < 0.01). Results from adjusted multinomial regression models showed that overall, Black and Hispanic adolescents tobacco users were less likely than Whites to co-use e-cigarettes and cannabis. Black adolescents who had used tobacco previously were more likely than Whites to have used cannabis exclusively. Black and Hispanic tobacco-naïve adolescents were more likely than Whites to have used cannabis exclusively, while Black tobacco-naïve adolescents were less likely to use e-cigarettes exclusively or co-use e-cigarettes and cannabis. Overall, males and twelve graders were more likely than males and eight graders to use or co-use cannabis or e-cigarettes, respectively. Among lifetime tobacco users, higher levels of parental education were associated with co-use of cannabis and e-cigarettes. Racial/ethnic-specific patterns of e-cigarette and cannabis co-use depends on adolescents’ prior experience with tobacco. The higher rates of use and co-use of e-cigarettes and cannabis among prior tobacco users suggest that targeted interventions are needed for this group. Identified socio-demographic groups at higher risk of co-use of e-cigarettes and cannabis need to be further studied.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abu Jad, A. A., Ravanavena, A., Ravindra, C., et al. (2022). Adverse effects of cannabinoids and tobacco consumption on the cardiovascular system: A systematic review. Cureus, 14(9), e29208. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.29208
Ahuja, M., Haeny, A. M., Sartor, C. E., & Bucholz, K. K. (2022). Perceived racial and social class discrimination and cannabis involvement among Black youth and young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 232, 109304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109304
Alcalá, H. E., Albert, S. L., & Ortega, A. N. (2016). E-cigarette use and disparities by race, citizenship status and language among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors., 57, 30–34.
Ambrose, B. K., Rostron, B. L., Johnson, S. E., et al. (2014). Perceptions of the relative harm of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among US youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine., 47(2), S53–S60.
Bachman, J. G., O’Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., Schulenberg, J. E., & Wallace, J. M. (2011). Racial/ethnic differences in the relationship between parental education and substance use among U.S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students: Findings from the monitoring the future project. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72(2), 279–285.
Banks, D. E., Rowe, A. T., Mpofu, P., & Zapolski, T. C. B. (2017). Trends in typologies of concurrent alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among US adolescents: An ecological examination by sex and race/ethnicity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.026
Bares, C. B., & Andrade, F. H. (2012). Racial/ethnic differences in the longitudinal progression of co-occurring negative affect and cigarette use: From adolescence to young adulthood. Addictive Behaviors, 37(5), 632–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.016
Bares, C. B., Chartier, K. G., Karriker-Jaffe, K. J., Aliev, F., Mustanski, B., & Dick, D. (2019b). Exploring how family and neighborhood stressors influence genetic risk for adolescent conduct problems and alcohol use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(7), 1365–1378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01098-9
Bares, C., & Lopez-Quintero, C. (2021). Shared environmental influences on electronic cigarette use among adolescent and young adult females. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 23(8), 1425–1430. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab022
Bares, C. B., Weaver, A., & Kelso, M. F. (2019a). Adolescent opioid use: Examining the intersection of multiple inequalities. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community., 47(4), 295–309.
Bennett, G. G., Wolin, K. Y., Robinson, E. L., Fowler, S., & Edwards, C. L. (2005). Perceived racial/ethnic harassment and tobacco use among African American young adults. American Journal of Public Health, 95(2), 238–240. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2004.037812
Benowitz, N., Nardone, N., St Helen, G., et al. (2019). Quantitative biochemical screening for marijuana use and concordance with tobacco use in urban adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 205, 107583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107583
Bluestein, M., Kelder, S., Perry, C. L., & Pérez, A. (2019). Exploring associations between the use of alcohol and marijuana with e-cigarette use in a U.S.A. nationally representative sample of young adults. International Journal of Health Sciences (qassim), 13(1), 30–39.
Braveman, P. A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., et al. (2005). Socioeconomic status in health research: One size does not fit all. JAMA, 294(22), 2879–2888.
Camenga, D. R., Kong, G., Cavallo, D. A., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2017). Current and former smokers’ use of electronic cigarettes for quitting smoking: An exploratory study of adolescents and young adults. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 19(12), 1531–1535. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw248
Campus, B., Fafard, P., St Pierre, J., & Hoffman, S. J. (2021). Comparing the regulation and incentivization of e-cigarettes across 97 countries. Social Science & Medicine, 291, 114187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114187
Chadi, N., Hadland, S. E., & Harris, S. K. (2019b). Understanding the implications of the “vaping epidemic” among adolescents and young adults: A call for action. Substance Abuse., 40(1), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2019.1580241
Chadi, N., Schroeder, R., Jensen, J. W., & Levy, S. (2019a). Association between electronic cigarette use and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(10), e192574–e192574.
Cheng, H. G., Largo, E. G., & Gogova, M. (2019). E-cigarette use and onset of first cigarette smoking among adolescents: An empirical test of the “common liability” theory. F1000Research, 8, 2099. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21377.3
Cho, J. H., Shin, E., & Moon, S. S. (2011). Electronic-cigarette smoking experience among adolescents. Article. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(5), 542–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.08.001
Cotti, C., Courtemanche, C., Maclean, J. C., Nesson, E., Pesko, M. F., & Tefft, N. W. (2022). The effects of e-cigarette taxes on e-cigarette prices and tobacco product sales: Evidence from retail panel data. Journal of Health Economics, 86, 102676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2022.102676
Courtney, K. E., Baca, R., Doran, N., Jacobson, A., Liu, T. T., & Jacobus, J. (2020). The effects of nicotine and cannabis co-use during adolescence and young adulthood on white matter cerebral blood flow estimates. Psychopharmacology (berl), 237(12), 3615–3624.
Creamer, M. R., Jones, S. E., Gentzke, A. S., Jamal, A., & King, B. A. (2020). Tobacco product use among high school students—Youth risk behavior survey, United States, 2019. MMWR Supplements., 69(1), 56.
Crummy, E. A., O’Neal, T. J., Baskin, B. M., & Ferguson, S. M. (2020). One is not enough: Understanding and modeling polysubstance use. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 569. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00569
Dautzenberg, B., Birkui, P., Noël, M., Dorsett, J., Osman, M., & Dautzenberg, M.-D. (2013). E-cigarette: A new tobacco product for schoolchildren in Paris. Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases, 3(01), 21.
Duperrouzel, J. C., Hawes, S. W., Lopez-Quintero, C., et al. (2019). Adolescent cannabis use and its associations with decision-making and episodic memory: Preliminary results from a longitudinal study. Neuropsychology, 33(5), 701.
Esmaeil, A., Alshammasi, A., Almutairi, W., et al. (2020). Patterns of electronic cigarette, conventional cigarette, and hookah use and related passive exposure among adolescents in Kuwait: A cross-sectional study. Article. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 18(11), 59. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/123499
Evans-Polce, R. J., Patrick, M. E., Lanza, S. T., Miech, R. A., O’Malley, P. M., & Johnston, L. D. (2018). Reasons for vaping among US 12th graders. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(4), 457–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.009
Fairman, B. J., Furr-Holden, C. D., & Johnson, R. M. (2019). When marijuana is used before cigarettes or alcohol: Demographic predictors and associations with heavy use, cannabis use disorder, and other drug-related outcomes. Article. Prevention Science, 20(2), 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0908-3
Friedman, A. S., & Pesko, M. F. (2022). Young adult responses to taxes on cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems. Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16002
Furr-Holden, C. D. M., Lee, M. H., Johnson, R., et al. (2015). Neighborhood environment and marijuana use in urban young adults. Prevention Science, 16(2), 268–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-014-0497-8
Garrett, B. E., Dube, S. R., Babb, S., & McAfee, T. (2014). Addressing the social determinants of health to reduce tobacco-related disparities. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 17(8), 892–897.
Greenberg, A., & Jose, R. J. (2018). Public Health England prematurely endorses e-cigarettes. BMJ, 360, k1262.
Hair, E. C., Barton, A. A., Perks, S. N., et al. (2021). Association between e-cigarette use and future combustible cigarette use: Evidence from a prospective cohort of youth and young adults, 2017–2019. Article. Addictive Behaviors, 112(6), 106593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106593
Hiscock, R., Bauld, L., Amos, A., Fidler, J. A., & Munafò, M. (2012). Socioeconomic status and smoking: A review. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1248(1), 107–123.
Jackson, A., Fleischli, M. E., Haeny, A., et al. (2022). Association of non-cigarette tobacco advertisements and racial discrimination with non-cigarette tobacco product use among Black adults. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntac226
Johnson, R. M., Fairman, B., Gilreath, T., et al. (2015). Past 15-year trends in adolescent marijuana use: Differences by race/ethnicity and sex. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 155, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.025
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2013) Monitoring the future national results on drug use: 2012 overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, Vol. 168.
Jones, C. M., Clayton, H. B., Deputy, N. P., et al. (2020). Prescription opioid misuse and use of alcohol and other substances among high school students—Youth risk behavior survey, United States, 2019. MMWR Supplements, 69(1), 38.
Kandel, D. B., Kiros, G.-E., Schaffran, C., & Hu, M.-C. (2004). Racial/ethnic differences in cigarette smoking initiation and progression to daily smoking: A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Public Health., 94(1), 128–135.
Karriker-Jaffe, K. J., Chartier, K. G., Bares, C. B., Kendler, K. S., & Greenfield, T. K. (2021). Intersection of familial risk and environmental social control on high-risk drinking and alcohol dependence in a US national sample of adults. Addictive Behaviors, 113, 106668.
Keyes, K. M., Kaur, N., Kreski, N. T., et al. (2022a). Temporal trends in alcohol, cannabis, and simultaneous use among 12th-grade U.S. adolescents from 2000 to 2020: Differences by sex, parental education, and race and ethnicity. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 46(9), 1677–1686. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14914
Keyes, K. M., Kreski, N. T., Ankrum, H., et al. (2022b). Frequency of adolescent cannabis smoking and vaping in the United States: Trends, disparities and concurrent substance use, 2017–19. Addiction, 117(8), 2316–2324. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15912
Kuwabara, Y., Kinjo, A., Fujii, M., et al. (2020). Heat-not-burn tobacco, electronic cigarettes, and combustible cigarette use among Japanese adolescents: A nationwide population survey 2017. Article. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08916-x
Liber, A. C., Drope, J. M., & Stoklosa, M. (2017). Combustible cigarettes cost less to use than e-cigarettes: Global evidence and tax policy implications. Tobacco Control, 26(2), 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052874
Lippert, A. M. (2015). Do adolescent smokers use e-cigarettes to help them quit? The sociodemographic correlates and cessation motivations of US adolescent e-cigarette use. American Journal of Health Promotion., 29(6), 374–379.
Lopez, A. D., Collishaw, N. E., & Piha, T. (1994). A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries. Tobacco Control, 3(3), 242.
Lopez-Quintero, C., Granja, K., Hawes, S., Duperrouzel, J. C., Pacheco-Colón, I., & Gonzalez, R. (2018). Transition to drug co-use among adolescent cannabis users: The role of decision-making and mental health. Addictive Behaviors, 85, 43–50.
Mantey, D. S., Cooper, M. R., Clendennen, S. L., Pasch, K. E., & Perry, C. L. (2016). E-cigarette marketing exposure is associated with E-cigarette use among US youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(6), 686–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.03.003
Mantey, D. S., Pasch, K. E., Loukas, A., & Perry, C. L. (2017). Exposure to point-of-sale marketing of cigarettes and E-cigarettes as predictors of smoking cessation behaviors. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx246
Margerison-Zilko, C., & Cubbin, C. (2013). Socioeconomic disparities in tobacco-related health outcomes across racial/ethnic groups in the United States: National Health Interview Survey 2010. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(6), 1161–1165. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts256
Mason, M. J., Mennis, J., Linker, J., Bares, C. B., & Zaharakis, N. (2014). Peer attitudes effects on adolescent substance use: The moderating role of race and gender. Prevention Science, 15(1), 56–64.
Mauro, P. M., Carliner, H., Brown, Q. L., et al. (2018). Age differences in daily and nondaily cannabis use in the United States, 2002–2014. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 79(3), 423–431. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2018.79.423
Mayorga, N. A., Garey, L., Nizio, P., Buckner, J. D., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2020). The effects of cannabis use: A test among dual electronic and combustible cigarette users. Article. American Journal on Addictions, 29(4), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13021
Meier, E., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2016). A review of the additive health risk of cannabis and tobacco co-use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 166, 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.013
Milicic, S., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2017). The associations between E-cigarettes and binge drinking, marijuana use, and energy drinks mixed with alcohol. Journal of Adolescent Health., 60(3), 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.10.011
Morean, M. E., Kong, G., Camenga, D. R., Cavallo, D. A., Simon, P., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2016). Latent class analysis of current e-cigarette and other substance use in high school students. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 161, 292–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.018
Murthy, V. H. (2017). E-cigarette use among youth and young adults A major public health concern. Editorial Material. Jama Pediatrics, 171(3), 209–210. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4662
Overbeek, D. L., Kass, A. P., Chiel, L. E., Boyer, E. W., & Casey, A. M. H. (2020). A review of toxic effects of electronic cigarettes/vaping in adolescents and young adults. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 50(6), 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2020.1794443
Patten, C. A., Offord, K. P., Ames, S. C., et al. (2003). Differences in adolescent smoker and nonsmoker perceptions of strategies that would help an adolescent quit smoking. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 26(2), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2602_04
Pepper, J. K., Reiter, P. L., McRee, A. L., Cameron, L. D., Gilkey, M. B., & Brewer, N. T. (2013). Adolescent males’ awareness of and willingness to try electronic cigarettes. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(2), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.014
Peters, R. J., Jr., Meshack, A., Lin, M. T., Hill, M., & Abughosh, S. (2013). The social norms and beliefs of teenage male electronic cigarette use. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 12(4), 300–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2013.819310
Piper, M. E., Baker, T. B., Benowitz, N. L., Kobinsky, K. H., & Jorenby, D. E. (2019). Dual users compared to smokers: Demographics, dependence, and biomarkers. Nicotine and Tobacco Research., 21(9), 1279–1284.
Ponzoni, L., Moretti, M., Braida, D., et al. (2019). Increased sensitivity to Δ(9)-THC-induced rewarding effects after seven-week exposure to electronic and tobacco cigarettes in mice. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(4), 566–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.02.001
Pope, K. S., & Vasquez, M. J. (2016). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: A practical guide. New York: Wiley.
Printz, C. (2020). Fighting the teen vaping epidemic: With rates of adolescent vaping on the rise, experts caution that new federal rules targeting e-cigarettes may not be strong enough. Cancer, 126(6), 1147–1148. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32779
Rennie, L. J., Bazillier-Bruneau, C., & Rouesse, J. (2016). Harm reduction or harm introduction? Prevalence and correlates of E-cigarette use among french adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(4), 440–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.12.013
Riggs, N. R., & Pentz, M. A. (2016). Inhibitory control and the onset of combustible cigarette, e-cigarette, and hookah use in early adolescence: The moderating role of socioeconomic status. Child Neuropsychology, 22(6), 679–691.
Sahker, E., Pro, G., Sakata, M., & Furukawa, T. A. (2020). Substance use improvement depends on race/ethnicity: Outpatient treatment disparities observed in a large US national sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 213, 108087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108087
Schulenberg, J., Johnston, L., O'Malley, P., Bachman, J., Miech, R., & Patrick, M. (2020). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2019: Volume II, college students and adults ages, pp. 19–60.
Simon, P., Camenga, D. R., Kong, G., et al. (2017). Youth E-cigarette, blunt, and other tobacco use profiles: Does SES matter? Tobacco Regulatory Science, 3(1), 115–127.
Singh, T. (2016). Tobacco use among middle and high school students—United States, 2011–2015. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report, Vol. 65.
Slopen, N., Shonkoff, J. P., Albert, M. A., et al. (2016). Racial disparities in child adversity in the U.S.: Interactions with family immigration history and income. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.013
Springer, A. E., Davis, C., Van Dusen, D., et al. (2018). School socioeconomic disparities in e-cigarette susceptibility and use among central Texas middle school students. Preventive Medicine Reports, 11, 105–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.05.014
Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. StataCorp, LLC (2017).
Stefaniak, A. B., LeBouf, R. F., Ranpara, A. C., & Leonard, S. S. (2021). Toxicology of flavoring- and cannabis-containing e-liquids used in electronic delivery systems. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 224, 107838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107838
Sutfin, E. L., McCoy, T. P., Morrell, H. E., Hoeppner, B. B., & Wolfson, M. (2013). Electronic cigarette use by college students. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131(3), 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.001
Tam, J. (2021). E-cigarette, combustible, and smokeless tobacco product use combinations among youth in the United States, 2014–2019. Article. Addictive Behaviors., 112(5), 106636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106636
Tam, J., & Brouwer, A. F. (2021). Comparison of e-cigarette use prevalence and frequency by smoking status among youth in the United States, 2014–19. Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15439
Webb Hooper, M., Asfar, T., Unrod, M., et al. (2019). Reasons for exclusion from a smoking cessation trial: An analysis by race/ethnicity. Ethnicity & Disease. Winter, 29(1), 23–30.
Wu, L. T., Swartz, M. S., Brady, K. T., & Hoyle, R. H. (2015). Perceived cannabis use norms and cannabis use among adolescents in the United States. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 64, 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.022
Yao, T., Sung, H.-Y., Huang, J., Chu, L., Helen, G. S., & Max, W. (2020). The impact of e-cigarette and cigarette prices on e-cigarette and cigarette sales in California. Preventive Medicine Reports, 20, 101244.
Yerger, V. B., Przewoznik, J., & Malone, R. E. (2007). Racialized geography, corporate activity, and health disparities: Tobacco industry targeting of inner cities. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved., 18(6), 10–38.
Yoong, S. L., Hall, A., Leonard, A., et al. (2021). Prevalence of electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health, 6(9), e661–e673. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00106-7
Zuckermann, A. M. E., Williams, G. C., Battista, K., Jiang, Y., de Groh, M., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of youth poly-substance use in the COMPASS study. Addictive Behaviors, 107, 106400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106400
Funding
Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under awards number K01DA036681 (CB) and K01DA046715 (CLQ). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Rates of e-cigarette and cannabis co-use in adolescents who had ever used tobacco exceeded seven times the rate among tobacco naïve adolescents. The racial/ethnic patterns in co-use of these substances that emerged suggest that interventions aimed at adolescents may require race/ethnic specific attention to how these substances are paired.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bares, C.B., Sharma, V. & Lopez-Quintero, C. Socio-demographic Correlates of Electronic Cigarette and Cannabis Co-use Among Naïve and Tobacco Adolescent Users. J of Prevention 44, 457–475 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-023-00729-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-023-00729-z