Abstract
This paper describes a multi-phase effort to develop a web-based training for adults serving as mentors in school-based programs for youth with a parent in the military. In Phase 1, we conducted focus groups with military parents to: gauge their receptivity to this type of supportive intervention, identify program features that would make the option of mentoring for their children more or less appealing, and identify specific training needs for adult volunteers preparing for the role of mentor to youth in this population. In Phase 2, we used an iterative process to develop the training protocol, including cycling through multiple drafts, creating a web-based platform, reviewing and incorporating feedback from various stakeholders, and then pilot testing the training with two groups of mentor volunteers as part of a school-based mentoring program for military-connected students. We report on what we learned from the military parent focus groups, including parent skepticism about the need for such a program, concerns about potential stigma, and the need for mentors to have some understanding of military culture. We describe how we used that information to develop a practical and accessible training module for volunteer mentors, especially those without a military background, who could be matched with military-connected youth.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Basualdo-Delmonico, A., & Herrera, C. (2014). Taking care of our own: Lessons learned about engaging military families in youth mentoring. Philadephia: Amachi, Inc.
Becker, S. J., Swenson, R. R., Esposito-Smythers, C., Cataldo, A. M., & Spirito, A. (2014). Barriers to seeking mental health services among adolescents in military families. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(6), 504. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036120.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Cavell, T., Spencer, R., Slep, A., Herrera, C., Heubach, J., Gaffney, D., & Gowdy, G. (2019). The mentor connections manual: School-based mentoring for military-connected students. Fayetteville, AR: The University of Arkansas. https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/wordpressua.uark.edu/dist/1/35/files/2019/09/The-MentorConnections-Manual-School-Based-Mentoring-for-Military-Connected-Students-2019-.pdf.
Center for Deployment Psychology. (2020). Military culture: Core competencies for health care professionals. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://deploymentpsych.org/military-culture-course-modules.
Chandra, A., Burns, R. M., Tanielian, T., & Jaycox, L. H. (2011). Understanding the deployment experience for children and youth from military families. In S. M. MacDermid Wadsworth & D. S. Riggs (Eds.), Risk and resilience in U.S. military families (pp. 175–192). Berlin: Springer.
Cozza, S. J., Goldenberg, M. N., & Ursano, R. J. (Eds.). (2014). Care of military service members, veterans, and their families. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
De Pedro, K., Astor, R., Benbenishty, R., Estrada, J. R., Smith, G., & Esqueda, M. (2011). The children of military service members: Challenges, supports, and future educational research. Review of Educational Research, 81(4), 566–618. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311423537.
DuBois, D. L., Holloway, B. E., Valentine, J. C., & Cooper, H. (2002). Effectiveness of mentoring programs for youth: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30(2), 157–197. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014628810714.
Engel, R. C., Gallagher, L. B., & Lyle, D. S. (2010). Military deployments and children’s academic achievement: Evidence from Department of Defense education activity schools. Economics of Education Review, 29, 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.12.003.
Esposito-Smythers, C., Wolff, J., Lemmon, K. M., Bodzy, M., Swenson, R. R., & Spirito, A. (2011). Military youth and the deployment cycle: Emotional health consequences and recommendations for intervention. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(4), 497. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024534.
Esqueda, M., Astor, R., & De Pedro, K. (2012). A call to duty: Educational policy and school reform addressing the needs of children from military families. Educational Researcher, 41(2), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11432139.
Garringer, M., Kupersmidt, J., Rhodes, J., Stelter, R., & Tai, T. (2015). Elements of effective practice for mentoring (4th ed.). MENTOR: The National Mentoring Partnership.
Gewirtz, A. H., Erbes, C. R., Polusny, M. A., Forgatch, M. S., & DeGarmo, D. S. (2011). Helping military families through the deployment process: Strategies to support parenting. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022345.
Hall, L. K. (2011). The importance of understanding military culture. Social Work in Health Care, 50(1), 4–18.
Herrera, C., DuBois, D. L., & Grossman, J. B. (2013). The role of risk: Mentoring experiences and outcomes for youth with varying risk profiles. MDRC. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/Role%20of%20Risk_Final-web%20PDF.pdf.
Herrera, C., Grossman, J. B., Kauh, T. J., Feldman, A. F., & McMaken, J. (2007). Making a difference in schools: The Big Brothers Big Sisters school-based mentoring impact study. Public/Private Ventures. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.issuelab.org/resource/making-a-difference-in-schools-the-big-brothers-big-sisters-school-based-mentoring-impact-study.html.
Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040603.
Huebner, A. J., Mancini, J. A., Bowen, G. L., & Orthner, D. K. (2009). Shadowed by war: Building community capacity to support military families. Family Relations, 58, 216–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00548.x.
Kitmitto, S., Huberman, M., Blankenship, C., Hannan, S., Norris, D., & Christenson, B. (2011). Educational options and performance of military-connected school districts research study—Final report. San Mateo, CA: American Institutes for Research.
Kupersmidt, J. B., & Rhodes, J. E. (2014). Mentor training. In D. L. DuBois & M. J. Karcher (Eds.), Handbook of youth mentoring (2nd ed., pp. 439–455). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kupersmidt, J. B., Stelter, R. L., Rhodes, J. E., & Stump, K. N. (2017a). Enhancing mentor efficacy and preparedness through web-based pre-match training. The Journal of Nonprofit Education and Leadership, 7(3), 197–216. https://doi.org/10.18666/JNEL-2017-V7-I3-7945.
Kupersmidt, J. B., Stump, K. N., Stelter, R. L., & Rhodes, J. E. (2017b). Predictors of premature match closure in youth mentoring relationships. American Journal of Community Psychology, 59(1–2), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12124.
McDermid Wadsworth, S. M. (2010). Family risk and resilience in the context of war and terrorism. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 72, 537–556. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00717.x.
Military Child Education Coalition. (2020). Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.militarychild.org/.
Military OneSource. (2020). Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.militaryonesource.mil/.
Morrow, K. V., & Styles, M. B. (1995). Building relationships with youth in program settings: A study of Big Brothers/Big Sisters. Public/Private Ventures. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.issuelab.org/resource/building-relationships-with-youth-in-program-settings-a-study-of-big-brothers-big-sisters.html.
Murphy, R. A., & Fairbank, J. A. (2013). Implementation and dissemination of military informed and evidence-based interventions for community dwelling military families. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16(4), 348–364.
National Center for PTSD. (2020). Understanding the context of military culture and PTSD. Retrieved October 15, 2020, https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/continuing_ed/military_culture.asp.
Park, N. (2011). Military children and families: Strength and challenges during peace and war. American Psychologist, 66(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021249.
Pincus, S. H., House, R., Christensen, J., & Adler, L. E. (2001). The emotional cycle of deployment: A military family perspective. US Army Medical Department Journal, 4(5), 6.
Randolph, K. A., & Johnson, J. L. (2008). School-based mentoring programs: A review of the research. Children and Schools, 30(3), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/30.3.177.
Richardson, A., Chandra, A., Martin, L. T., Setodji, C. M., Hallmark, B. W., Campbell, N. F., Hawkins, S. A., & Grady, P. (2011). Effects of soldiers’ deployment on children’s academic performance and behavioral health. RAND Arroyo Center. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG1095.html.
Ross, A. M., & DeVoe, E. R. (2014). Engaging military parents in a home-based reintegration program: A consideration of strategies. Health and Social Work, 39(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlu001.
Russo, T. J., & Fallon, M. A. (2015). Coping with stress: Supporting the needs of military families and their children. Early Childhood Education Journal, 43(5), 407–416.
Soeters, J. L., Winslow, D. J., & Weibull, A. (2006). Military culture. Handbook of the sociology of the military (pp. 237–254). Berlin: Springer.
Vogt, D. (2011). Mental health-related beliefs as a barrier to service use for military personnel and veterans: A review. Psychiatric Services, 62(2), 135–142.
Wheeler, M. E., Keller, T. E., & Dubois, D. L. (2010). Review of three recent randomized trials of school-based mentoring. Social Policy Report, 24(3), 1–27.
Acknowledgements
The research reported here was supported by the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education (Award No. R305A14028), through Grant to University of Arkansas. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the Institute or the U.S. Department of Education. We are grateful for the partnerships with North Thurston Public Schools and Big Brothers Big Sisters of Southwest Washington that made this research possible.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Standards
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board at the University of Arkansas (FWA 00001952) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Spencer, R., Gowdy, G., Herrera, C. et al. Web-Based Training for School-Based Mentors of Military-Connected Youth: A Multi-Phase Development Study. J Primary Prevent 41, 567–583 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-020-00616-x
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-020-00616-x