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Improved aromatic yield and toluene selectivity in propane aromatization over Zn–Co/ZSM-5: effect of metal composition and process conditions

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Abstract

In this report, a catalytic enhanced-conventional process production background was employed to determine the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly techniques to improve the catalytic production of toluene and other aromatic compounds from propane aromatization. 2 wt% of zinc was co-impregnated with 1–3 wt% of cobalt on HZSM-5. Characterizations and analysis showed that catalysts are crystalline and microporous. Propane conversion was carried out at 540 °C, 1200 ml/g-h gas hourly space velocity and atmospheric pressure over Zn–Co/ZSM-5 bimetallic catalysts. Toluene selectivity in the aromatic products was greatly improved and sustained significantly together with other aromatic products. Catalytic conversion of propane and aromatic yield over Zn–Co/ZSM-5 was improved and stabilized due to metallic collaboration on HZSM-5. Aromatic yield averaged 46, 32, and 36%, respectively, for 1–3 wt% Co in Zn–Co/ZSM-5 bimetallic catalyst. Average toluene selectivity in the aromatic products for 12 h time on stream from 60, 50 and 51% for 1–3 wt% Co loading. The threshold loading of cobalt with zinc was 2% above which the general aromatic selectivity declined. A decrease in conversion from 73 to 15% was observed for flowrate increase from 6 to 35 ml min−1 and an increase in aromatic selectivity from 80 to 87%. An increase in temperature of 500–560 °C increased catalytic performance, 32–47% for propane conversion, and 79–86% aromatic selectivity.

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Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and are provided in the supplementary information files.

Abbreviations

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

BTEX:

Benzene toluene ethylbenzene xylene

FTIR:

Fourier transform infra-red

H2-TPR:

Hydrogen-temperature programming reduction

SEM:

Scanning slmctron microscopy

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

XRF:

X-ray fluorescence

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Acknowledgements

A deep appreciation from the authors goes to the Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF), Abuja, Nigeria for providing support and funding for this research.

Funding

This research was funded by Petroleum Technology Development Fund, PTDF, Ministry of Petroleum Resources, Abuja-Nigeria.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    G. G. Oseke, E. E. Peter, A. Y. Atta, B. Mukhtar, B. J. El-Yakubu & B. O. Aderemi

  2. Chemical Engineering Department, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria

    B. O. Aderemi

  3. Rapsodee Research Centre, IMT-Mines, Albi-Carmaux, France

    E. E. Peter

  4. Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objects, INSA, Toulouse, France

    E. E. Peter

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  1. G. G. Oseke
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Contributions

All authors were involved in the manuscript proofreading but below are the unique contributions of an individual with the corresponding author, Dr. Oseke Godwin Gbenga carried out the research in the laboratory and prepared the manuscript. Professor AAY was deeply involved in catalyst synthesis and effective operations of the fixed bed reactor. Professor MB and Professor EYBJ contributed to catalyst performance tests in relation to characterization. Professor ABO contributed to catalyst characterization, understanding the reaction mechanism in relation to performance tests, and general organization of the research. EEP contributed to understanding the reaction mechanism, temperature effect on product distribution, and metal catalyst interactions.

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Correspondence to G. G. Oseke.

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Oseke, G.G., Peter, E.E., Atta, A.Y. et al. Improved aromatic yield and toluene selectivity in propane aromatization over Zn–Co/ZSM-5: effect of metal composition and process conditions. J Porous Mater 30, 999–1010 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-022-01397-w

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