Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Simultaneous enhancements in thermal insulation and toughness of resorcinol-formaldehyde/polydimethylsiloxane micro-foams

  • Published:
Journal of Porous Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Brittleness and pulverization have troubles with phenolic porous material application in thermal insulation and mechanical elasticity. Here, we fabricated phenolic/polydimethylsiloxane composites by surface modification and sol impregnation method, it reduced the thermal conductivity and enhanced toughness. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was used as a bonding point to connect the phenolic structure, when a load was applied, the existence of wrinkles and the interface interaction effectively consumes energy so that the resorcinol-formaldehyde/PDMS materials had cyclic compressibility. Composite materials show better mechanical elasticity and thermal insulation compared to modified resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) foam. After interfacial modification and coating by different sol concentrations, the thermal conductivity significantly decreased from 0.105 to 0.75 Wm−1 K−1. Moreover, the compression strength of PDMS/RFSi0.6 increased from 0.05 to 0.7 MPa. This work paves a simple and effective way to simultaneously enhance thermal insulation performance and mechanical properties of organic porous materials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. Li, A. Zhang, S. Zhang, Q. Gao, W. Zhang, J. Li, Larch tannin-based rigid phenolic foam with high compressive strength, low friability, and low thermal conductivity reinforced by cork powder. Compos. Part B 156, 368–377 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. F. Song, Z. Li, P. Jia, C. Bo, M. Zhang, L. Hu, Y. Zhou, Phosphorus-containing tung oil-based siloxane toughened phenolic foam with good mechanical properties fire performance and low thermal conductivity. Mater. & Des. 192, 108668 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. J. Choe, M. Kim, J. Kim, D.G. Lee, A microwave foaming method for fabricating glass fiber reinforced phenolic foam. Compos. Struct. 152, 239–246 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. J. Ding, Z. Huang, Y. Qin, M. Shi, C. Huang, J. Mao, Improved ablation resistance of carbon–phenolic composites by introducing zirconium silicide particles. Compos. Part B 82, 100–107 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. L. Asaro, L.B. Manfredi, S. Pellice, R. Procaccini, E.S. Rodriguez, Innovative ablative fire resistant composites based on phenolic resins modified with mesoporous silica particles. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 144, 7–16 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. G.R. Rao, I. Srikanth, K.L. Reddy, Effect of organo-modified montmorillonite nanoclay on mechanical, thermal and ablation behavior of carbon fiber/phenolic resin composites. Def. Technol. 17(3), 812–820 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. L. Marsavina, D.M. Constantinescu, E. Linul, T. Voiconi, D.A. Apostol, T. Sadowski, Evaluation of mixed mode fracture for PUR foams. Procedia. Mater. Sci. 3, 1342–1352 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. L. Marsavina, D.M. Constantinescu, E. Linul, D.A. Apostol, T. Voiconi, T. Sadowski, Refinements on fracture toughness of PUR foams. Eng. Fract. Mech. 129, 54–66 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. A.S. Alex, S. Bhuvaneswari, C. Sarath Chandran, T. Jayalatha, V. Sekkar, C. Gouri, Microstructure and phase evolution in pyrolysed short fibre reinforced polymethylsilsesquioxane-phenolic interpenetrating networks. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 129, 241–247 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. C. Wu, Z. Chen, F. Wang, Y. Hu, Z. Rao, E. Wang, X. Zhang, Preparation and characterization of ultralight glass fiber wool/phenolic resin aerogels with a spring-like structure. Compos. Sci. Technol. 179, 125–133 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. L. Duan, X. Zhao, Y. Wang, Oxidation and ablation behaviors of carbon fiber/phenolic resin composites modified with borosilicate glass and polycarbosilane interface. J. Alloys Compd. 827, 154277 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. M. Natali, M. Monti, D. Puglia, J.M. Kenny, L. Torre, Ablative properties of carbon black and MWNT/phenolic composites: a comparative study. Compos. Part A 43(1), 174–182 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. L. Wang, J. Wang, L. Zheng, Z. Li, L. Wu, X. Wang, Superelastic, Anticorrosive, and Flame-Resistant Nitrogen-Containing Resorcinol Formaldehyde/Graphene Oxide Composite Aerogels. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7(12), 10873–10879 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. X. Wang, L.-L. Lu, Z.-L. Yu, X.-W. Xu, Y.-R. Zheng, S.-H. Yu, Scalable template synthesis of resorcinol-formaldehyde/graphene oxide composite aerogels with tunable densities and mechanical properties. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54(8), 2397–2401 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. L. Liu, M. Fu, Z. Wang, Synthesis of Boron-Containing Toughening Agents and their application in Phenolic Foams. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54(7), 1962–1970 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. B. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Li, Y. Sun, H. Li, W. Qiu, Z. Luo, T. Zhao, Tough macroporous phenolic resin/bacterial cellulose composite with double-network structure fabricated by ambient pressure drying. Cellulose 27(9), 5029–5039 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. F. Xu, S. Zhu, Z. Ma, Y. Liu, H. Li, J. Hu, Improved interfacial strength and ablation resistance of carbon fabric reinforced phenolic composites modified with functionalized ZrSiO4 sol. Mater. & Des. 191, 108623 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. J. Huang, B. Zhao, T. Liu, J. Mou, Z. Jiang, J. Liu, H. Li, M. Liu, Wood-derived materials for advanced electrochemical energy storage devices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 31 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. K. Wu, W. Dong, Y. Pan, J. Cao, Y. Zhang, D. Long, Lightweight and flexible phenolic aerogels with three-dimensional foam reinforcement for acoustic and thermal insulation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 60(3), 1241–1249 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. S. Yu, Z. Chen, Y. Wang, R. Luo, Y. Pan, A study of thermal insulation properties and microstructure of ultra-light 3D-carbon foam via direct carbonization of polymer foam. J. Porous Mater. 25(2), 527–536 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. H. Zhang, H. Liu, S. Chen, X. Tian, Z. Liu, X. Zhao, Carboxymethyl cellulose modified reduced graphene oxide coated melamine sponge for efficient seawater evaporation. J Porous Mater. 29, 1–10 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. X. Chen, S.K.J. Lim, Y.N. Liang, L. Zhang, X. Hu, Large toughening effect in Biomimetic Geopolymer Composites via Interface Engineered 3D Skeleton. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7(1), 105–110 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. H. Lee, D. Lee, J. Cho, Y.-O. Kim, S. Lim, S. Youn, Y.C. Jung, S.Y. Kim, D.G. Seong, Super-insulating, flame-retardant, and flexible poly(dimethylsiloxane) composites based on silica aerogel. Compos. Part A 123, 108–113 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. M. Cutroneo, V. Havranek, V. Semian, A. Torrisi, A. Mackova, P. Malinsky, L. Silipigni, P. Slepicka, D. Fajstavr, L. Torrisi, Porous polydimethylsiloxane filled with graphene-based material for biomedicine. J. Porous Mater. 28(5), 1481–1491 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. M. Sun, L. Wu, Y. Wang, X. Wang, Q. Liu, M. Li, Z. Li, Preparation and characterization of hydrophilic methylsilsesquioxane aerogels through adjusting the water/ethanol ratio. J. Porous Mater. 29, 1–10 (2022)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. P. Wang, W. Wei, Z. Li, W. Duan, H. Han, Q. Xie, A superhydrophobic fluorinated PDMS composite as a wearable strain sensor with excellent mechanical robustness and liquid impalement resistance. J. Mater. Chem. A 8(6), 3509–3516 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. D. Qi, K. Zhang, G. Tian, B. Jiang, Y. Huang, Stretchable electronics based on PDMS substrates. Adv. Mater. 33(6), e2003155 (2021)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. J. Cho, H.G. Jang, S.Y. Kim, B. Yang, Flexible and coatable insulating silica aerogel/polyurethane composites via soft segment control. Compos. Sci. Technol. 171, 244–251 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Q. Bao, W. Li, Y. Liu, Q. Wang, Preparation and properties of phosphorus- and silicon‐modified phenolic resin with high ablation resistance. Polym. Int. 68(7), 1322–1331 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. C. Li, Z. Ma, X. Zhang, H. Fan, J. Wan, Silicone-modified phenolic resin: Relationships between molecular structure and curing behavior. Thermochim. Acta. 639, 53–65 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. B.Q. Li, C. He, W. Lu, J.S. Wang, Synthesis of phenolic resin modified silicone rubber utilizing for ablation thermal protection materials. Mater. Sci. Eng. 504(1), 012043 (2019)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. P.J. Flory, Statistical mechanics of swelling of Network Structures. J. Chem. Phys. 18(1), 108–111 (1950)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. J. Ding, X. Wu, X. Shen, S. Cui, X. Chen, A promising form-stable phase change material composed of C/SiO2 aerogel and palmitic acid with large latent heat as short-term thermal insulation. Energy 210, 118478 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. G. Fang, H. Li, Z. Chen, X. Liu, Preparation and properties of palmitic acid/SiO2 composites with flame retardant as thermal energy storage materials. Sol. Energy. Mater. Sol. Cells 95(7), 1875–1881 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. L. Kong, F. Li, F. Wang, Y. Miao, X. Huang, H. Zhu, Y. Lu, In situ assembly of SiO2 nanodots/layered double hydroxide nanocomposite for the reinforcement of solution-polymerized butadiene styrene rubber/butadiene rubber. Compos. Sci. Technol. 158, 9–18 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Y. Xu, J. Long, R. Zhang, Y. Du, S. Guan, Y. Wang, L. Huang, H. Wei, L. Liu, Y. Huang, Greatly improving thermal stability of silicone resins by modification with POSS. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 174, 109082 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. N. Domun, H. Hadavinia, T. Zhang, T. Sainsbury, G.H. Liaghat, S., Vahid, Improving the fracture toughness and the strength of epoxy using nanomaterials–a review of the current status. Nanoscale 7(23), 10294–329 (2015)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. P. Feng, L. Ma, G. Wu, X. Li, M. Zhao, L. Shi, M. Wang, X. Wang, G. Song, Establishment of multistage gradient modulus intermediate layer between fiber and matrix via designing double rigid-flexible structure to improve interfacial and mechanical properties of carbon fiber resin composites. Compos Sci Technol. 200, 108336 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. A. Ou, Z. Huang, R. Qin, X. Chen, Y. Li, Y. Liu, X. Liu, X. Wang, Preparation of thermosetting/thermoplastic polyimide foam with pleated cellular structure via in situ simultaneous orthogonal polymerization. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 1(9), 2430–2440 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Y. Nakanishi, Y. Hara, W. Sakuma, T. Saito, K. Nakanishi, K. Kanamori, Colorless transparent melamine–formaldehyde Aerogels for thermal insulation. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 3(1), 49–54 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. J. Ma, T. Shang, L. Ren, Y. Yao, T. Zhang, J. Xie, B. Zhang, X. Zeng, R. Sun, J.-B. Xu, C.-P. Wong, Through-plane assembly of carbon fibers into 3D skeleton achieving enhanced thermal conductivity of a thermal interface material. Chem. Eng. J. 380, 122550 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. H. Liu, Y. Xu, C. Tang, Y. Li, N. Chopra, SiO2 aerogel-embedded carbon foam composite with co-enhanced thermal insulation and mechanical properties. Ceram. Int. 45(17), 23393–23398 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. S. Wang, H. Li, S. Zou, G. Zhang, Experimental research on a feasible rice husk/geopolymer foam building insulation material. Energ. Build. 226, 110358 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. C. Wang, H. Cheng, C. Hong, X. Zhang, T. Zeng, Lightweight chopped carbon fibre reinforced silica-phenolic resin aerogel nanocomposite: facile preparation, properties and application to thermal protection. Compos. Part. A 112, 81–90 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. H. Gao, H. Liu, L. Liao, L. Mei, G. Lv, L. Liang, G. Zhu, Z. Wang, D. Huang, Improvement of performance of foam perlite thermal insulation material by the design of a triple-hierarchical porous structure. Energ. Build. 200, 21–30 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Z.L. Yu, N. Yang, V. Apostolopoulou-Kalkavoura, B. Qin, Z.Y. Ma, W.Y. Xing, C. Qiao, L. Bergstrom, M. Antonietti, S.H. Yu, Fire-retardant and thermally insulating phenolic-silica aerogels. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 57(17), 4538–4542 (2018)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. R. Yin, H. Cheng, C. Hong, X. Zhang, Synthesis and characterization of novel phenolic resin/silicone hybrid aerogel composites with enhanced thermal, mechanical and ablative properties. Compos. Part A 101, 500–510 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. H. Cheng, H. Xue, C. Hong, X. Zhang, Characterization, thermal and mechanical properties and hydrophobicity of resorcinol-furfural/silicone hybrid aerogels synthesized by ambient-pressure drying. RSC Adv. 6(79), 75793–75804 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. H. Cheng, H. Xue, C. Hong, X. Zhang, Preparation, mechanical, thermal and ablative properties of lightweight needled carbon fibre felt/phenolic resin aerogel composite with a bird’s nest structure. Compos. Sci. Technol. 140, 63–72 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China

    Wen-Hong Jiang & Jian Yang

Authors
  1. Wen-Hong Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jian Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

WJ: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal Analysis, Writing - Original Draft preparation. JY: Validation Review & Editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wen-Hong Jiang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 3334.5 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jiang, WH., Yang, J. Simultaneous enhancements in thermal insulation and toughness of resorcinol-formaldehyde/polydimethylsiloxane micro-foams. J Porous Mater 30, 871–880 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-022-01390-3

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-022-01390-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation