Abstract
The environmental history of the Kootenay Valley in the southern Canadian Rockies was reconstructed using lake sediment from Dog Lake, British Columbia, and compared to other paleoenvironmental studies in the region to understand how vegetation dynamics and fire regimes responded to climate change during the Holocene. A pollen-based vegetation reconstruction indicates five periods of vegetation change. At 10,300 cal yr B.P. Pinus-Juniperus parkland colonized the valley and by 7600 cal yr B.P. was replaced by mixed stands of Pinus, Picea and Pseudotsuga/Larix. Fire frequencies increased to their Holocene maximums during the 8200–4000 cal yr B.P. period. From 5500–4500 cal yr B.P. Pseudotsuga/Larix reached its maximum extent in the Kootenay Valley under a more frequent fire regime. At 5000 cal yr B.P. Picea and Abies began to expand in the area and by 4500 cal yr B.P. the forest shifted to a closed montane spruce forest type with dramatically reduced fire frequency. The shift to less frequent forest fires after 4500 cal yr B.P., along with a moisterPicea – dominated closed forest, corresponds to Neoglacial advances in the Canadian Rockies and Coast Mountains. Fire intervals after 4000 cal yr B.P. are significantly longer than the shorter fire intervals of the early to mid Holocene. A return to drier, more open forest condition occurs between 2400–1200 cal yr B.P. with a slight increase in fire activity and summer drought events. Lower lake levels inferred by charophyte accumulation rates during the 2400–1200 cal yr B.P. interval support this moisture regime shift. An abrupt shift toPicea dominated forest occurred from 1200–1000 cal yr B.P. and a final period of wet-closed forest cover reaches its maximum extent from 700–150 cal yr B.P. that appears to be a response to Little Ice Age cooling. Present forests are within their natural range of variability but are predicted to shift again to a drier more open structure with increased Pseudotsuga/Larix cover. More frequent stand replacing fires and increased area burned likely will accompany this change due to continued global warming.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achuff P.L., Holland W.D., Coen G.M. and Van Tighem K. 1984. Ecological Land Classification of Kootenay National Park, British Columbia. Vol. I: Integrated Resource Description. Alberta Institute of Pedology Publication No. M-84–10.
J. Agee (1993) Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests Island Press Washington, D.C 493
R.B. Alley P.A. Mayewski T. Stowers M. Stuiver K.C. Taylor P.U. Clark (1997) ArticleTitleHolocene climatic instability: a prominantwidespread event 8200 yr ago Geology 25 483–486 Occurrence Handle10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0483:HCIAPW>2.3.CO;2
S.W. Barrett S.F. Arno C.H. Key (1991) ArticleTitleFire regimes of western larch-lodgepole pine forests in Glacier National Park, Montana Can. J. For. Res. 21 1711–1720
P.J. Bartlein K.H. Anderson P.M. Anderson M.E. Edwards C.J. Mock R.S. Thompson R.S. Webb I.T. Webb C. Whitlock (1998) ArticleTitlePaleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: features of the simulation climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data Quat. Sci. Rev. 17 549–585 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00012-2
P.J. Bartlein M.E. Edwards S.L. Shafer (1995) ArticleTitleCalibration of radiocarbon ages and the interpretation of paleoenvironmental records Quat. Res. 44 417–424 Occurrence Handle10.1006/qres.1995.1086 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XltFCntg%3D%3D
A.B. Beaudoin (1986) ArticleTitleUsing Picea/Pinus ratios from the Wilcox Pass coreJasper National Park, Albertato investigate Holocene timberline fluctuations Géog. phys. Quat. 40 145–152
A.B. Beaudoin (1993) ArticleTitleA compendium and evaluation of postglacial pollen records in Alberta Can. J. Arch. 17 92–113
A.B. Beaudoin R.H. King (1990) ArticleTitleLate Quaternary vegetation history of Wilcox Pass, Jasper National Park, Alberta Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 80 129–144 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0031-0182(90)90125-Q
J.R. Bennett B.F. Cumming P.R. Leavitt M. Chiu J.P. Smol J. Szeicz (2001) ArticleTitleDiatompollen, and chemical evidence of postglacial climatic change at Big Lakesouth-central British ColumbiaCanada Quat. Res. 55 332–343 Occurrence Handle10.1006/qres.2001.2227 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtFeitb8%3D
A. Berger M.E. Loutre (1991) ArticleTitleInsolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years Quat. Sci. Rev. 10 297–317 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0277-3791(91)90033-Q
J. Boyle (2004) ArticleTitleA comparison of two methods for estimating the organic matter content of sediments J. Paleolimnol. 31 125–127 Occurrence Handle10.1023/B:JOPL.0000022549.07298.6e
A. Brunelle R.S. Anderson (2003) ArticleTitleSedimentary charcoal as an indicator of late-Holocene drought in the Sierra NevadaCalifornia and its relevance to the future Holocene 13 21–28 Occurrence Handle10.1191/0959683603hl591rp
A. Brunelle C. Whitlock (2003) ArticleTitlePostglacial firevegetation, and climate history in the Clearwater RangeNorthern IdahoUSA Quat. Res. 60 307–318 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.yqres.2003.07.009
K.B. Cawker (1983) ArticleTitleFire history and grassland vegetation change: three pollen diagrams from southern British Columbia Can. J. Bot. 61 1126–1139
J.J. Clague R.W. Mathewes (1989) ArticleTitleEarly Holocene thermal maximum in western North America: new evidence from Castle Peak, British Columbia Geology 17 277–280 Occurrence Handle10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0277:EHTMIW>2.3.CO;2
J.J. Clague R.W. Mathewes W.M. Buhay T.W.D. Edwards (1992) ArticleTitleEarly Holocene climate at Castle Peak, Southern Coast Mountains, British ColumbiaCanada Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 95 153–167 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0031-0182(92)90170-A
J.J. Clague B. Wohlfarth J. Ayotte M. Eriksson I. Hutchinson R.W. Mathewes I.R. Walker L. Walker (2004) ArticleTitleLate Holocene environmental change at treeline in the northern Coast Mountains, British ColumbiaCanada Quat. Sci. Rev. 23 2413–2431 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.01.009
J.S. Clark (1989) ArticleTitleEcological disturbance as a renewal process: theory and application to fire history Oikos 56 17–30
J.S. Clark J. Lynch B.J. Stocks J.G. Goldammer (1998) ArticleTitleRelationships between charcoal particles in air and sediments in west-central Siberia Holocene 8 19–29 Occurrence Handle10.1191/095968398672501165
B.F. Cumming K.R. Laird J.R. Bennett J.P. Smol A.K. Salomon (2002) ArticleTitlePersistent millennial-scale shifts in moisture regimes in western Canada during the past six millennia Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99 16117–16121 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.252603099 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xps1ens7Y%3D
W.E.J. Dean (1974) ArticleTitleDetermination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: comparison with other methods J. Sed. Petrol. 44 249–253
P.A. Delcourt H.R. Delcourt (1998) ArticleTitlePaleoecological insights on conservation of biodiversity: a focus on species, ecosystems, and landscapes Ecol. Appl. 8 921–934
R.A. Dull (2004) ArticleTitleA Holocene record of Neotropical savanna dynamics from El Salvador J. Paleolimnol. 32 219–231 Occurrence Handle10.1023/B:JOPL.0000042906.46791.9c
K. Faegri J. Iversen (1989) Textbook of Pollen Analysis EditionNumber4 John Wiley and Sons Chichester England 328
P.L. Fall (1992) ArticleTitlePollen accumulation in a montane region of ColoradoUSA: a comparison of moss polsters, atmospheric traps, and natural basins Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 72 169–197
M. Flannigan I. Campbell M. Wotton C. Carcaillet P. Richard Y. Bergeron (2001) ArticleTitleFuture fire in Canada's boreal forest: paleoecology results and general circulation model – regional climate model simulations Can. J. For. Res. 31 854–864 Occurrence Handle10.1139/cjfr-31-5-854
M.D. Flannigan Y. Bergeron O. Engelmark B.M. Wotton (1998) ArticleTitleFuture wildfire in circumboreal forests in relation to global warming J. Veg. Sci. 9 469–476
M.D. Flannigan B.M. Wotton (2001) Climateweather and area burned E.A. Johnson K. Miyanishi (Eds) Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects Academic Press San Diego 351–373
J.J. Gardner C. Whitlock (2001) ArticleTitleCharcoal accumulation following a recent fire in the Cascade Rangenorthwestern USAand its relevance for fire-history studies Holocene 11 541–549 Occurrence Handle10.1191/095968301680223495
D.G. Gavin L.B. Brubaker K.P. Lertzman (2003) ArticleTitleAn 1800-year record of the spatial and temporal distribution of fire from the west coast of Vancouver IslandCanada Can. J. For. Res. 33 573–586
E.C. Grimm (1987) ArticleTitleCONISS: a Fortran 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares Comp. Geosci. 13 13–35
E.C. Grimm (1993) TILIA v 2.0 (Computer Software) Illinois State MuseumResearch and Collections Centre Springfield Ill
D.J. Hallett (1996) Paleoecological Investigation of the Montane Ecoregion in the Kootenay Valley and its Implications for Ecosystem Management The University of Calgary Calgary Alberta 111
D.J. Hallett L.V. Hills J.J. Clague (1997) ArticleTitleNew accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon ages for the Mazama tephra layer from Kootenay National Park, British ColumbiaCanada Can. J. Earth Sci. 34 1202–1209 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmslOjsbY%3D
D.J. Hallett D.S. Lepofsky R.W. Mathewes K.P. Lertzman (2003a) ArticleTitle11,000 years of fire history and climate in the mountain hemlock rainforests of southwestern British Columbia based on sedimentary charcoal Can. J. For. Res. 33 292–312 Occurrence Handle10.1139/x02-177
D.J. Hallett R.W. Mathewes R.C. Walker (2003b) ArticleTitleA 1000-year record of forest firedrought and lake level change in southeastern British ColumbiaCanada Holocene 13 751–761 Occurrence Handle10.1191/0959683603hl660rp
D.J. Hallett R.C. Walker (2000) ArticleTitlePaleoecology and its application to fire and vegetation management in Kootenay National Park, British Columbia J. Paleolimnol. 24 401–414 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1008110804909
S. Hazell (1979) Late Quaternary vegetation and climate of Dunbar Valley, British Columbia University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario 101
R.J. Hebda (1995) ArticleTitleBritish Columbia vegetation and climate history with focus on 6 ka BP Geog. Phys. Quat. 49 55–79
R.J. Hebda G.B. Allen (1993) ArticleTitleModern pollen spectra from west central British Columbia Can. J. Bot. 71 1486–1495
M.L. Heinrichs R.J. Hebda I.R. Walker (2001) ArticleTitleHolocene vegetation and disturbance in the engelmann spruce – subalpine fir biogeoclimatic zone at Mount KobauBritish Columbia Can. J. For. Res. 31 2183–2199 Occurrence Handle10.1139/cjfr-31-12-2183
M.L. Heinrichs R.J. Hebda I.R. Walker S.L. Palmer (2002) ArticleTitlePostglacial paleoecology and inferred paleoclimate in the Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir forest of south-central British ColumbiaCanada Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 184 347–369 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00274-2
O. Heiri A.F. Lotter G. Lemcke (2001) ArticleTitleLoss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results J. Paleolimnol. 25 101–110 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1008119611481
IPCC 2001. Climate Change 2001: A Scientific Basis. Summary for Policymakers: A report of the Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/spm22–01.pdf.
E.A. Johnson G.I. Fryer M.J. Heathcott (1990) ArticleTitleThe influence of man and climate on frequency of fire in the interior wet belt forestBritish Columbia J. Ecol. 78 403–412
E.A. Johnson C.P.S. Larsen (1991) ArticleTitleClimatically induced change in fire frequency in the Southern Canadian Rockies Ecology 72 194–201
E.A. Johnson D.R. Wowchuk (1993) ArticleTitleWildfires in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains and their relationship to mid-tropospheric anomalies Can. J. For. Res. 23 1213–1222
M.S. Kearney (1983) ArticleTitleModern pollen deposition in the Athabasca Valley, Jasper National Park Bot. Gazet. 144 450–459
M.S. Kearney B.H. Luckman (1983) ArticleTitlePostglacial vegetation history of Tonquin Pass, British Columbia Can. J. Earth Sci. 20 776–786
M.S. Kearney B.H. Luckman (1987) ArticleTitleA mid-Holocene vegetational and climatic record from the subalpine zone of the Maligne Valley, Jasper National Park, Alberta (Canada) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 59 227–242 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0031-0182(87)90082-4
K.F. Kipfmueller W.L. Baker (1998) ArticleTitleFires and dwarf mistletoe in a Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine ecosystem For. Ecol. Man. 108 77–84
K.R. Laird B.F. Cumming S. Wunsam J.A. Rusak R.J. Oglesby S.C. Fritz P.R. Leavitt (2003) ArticleTitleLake sediments record large-scale shifts in moisture regimes across the northern Prairies of North America during the past two millennia Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100 2483–2488 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.0530193100 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitVais74%3D
K.R. Laird S.C. Fritz K.A. Maasch B.F. Cumming (1996) ArticleTitleGreater drought intensity and frequency before AD 1200 in the northern Great Plains, USA Nature 384 552–554 Occurrence Handle10.1038/384552a0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXht1Ch
H.H. Lamb (1995) ClimateHistory and the Modern World EditionNumber2 Routledge London 433
C.S. Lane S.P. Horn C.I. Mora (2004) ArticleTitleStable carbon isotope ratios in lake and swamp sediments as a proxy for prehistoric forest clearance and crop cultivation in the Neotropics J. Paleolimnol. 32 375–381 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10933-004-0259-x
C.J. Long C. Whitlock (2002) ArticleTitleFire and vegetation history from the coastal rain forest of the western Oregon Coast Range Quat. Res. 58 215–225
C.J. Long C. Whitlock P.J. Bartlein S.H. Millspaugh (1998) ArticleTitleA 9000-year fire history from the Oregon Coast Rangebased on a high-resolution charcoal study Can. J. For. Res. 28 774–787 Occurrence Handle10.1139/cjfr-28-5-774
D.J. Lowe J.D. Green T.G. Northcote K.J. Hall (1997) ArticleTitleHolocene fluctuations of a meromictic lake in southern British Columbia Quat. Res. 48 100–113 Occurrence Handle10.1006/qres.1997.1905 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlsFOit7k%3D
B.H. Luckman (1993) ArticleTitleGlacial fluctuation and tree-ring records for the last millenium in the Canadian Rockies Quat. Sci. Rev. 12 441–450
B.H. Luckman (1995) ArticleTitleCalendar-datedearly ‘Little Ice Age’ glacier advance at Robson GlacierBritish ColumbiaCanada Holocene 5 149–159
B.H. Luckman G. Holdsworth G.D. Osborn (1993) ArticleTitleNeoglacial glacier advances in the Canadian Rockies Quat. Res. 39 144–153 Occurrence Handle10.1006/qres.1993.1018
B.H. Luckman M.S. Kearney (1986) ArticleTitleReconstruction of Holocene changes in alpine vegetation and climate in the Maligne RangeJasper National Park, Alberta Quat. Res. 26 244–261 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0033-5894(86)90108-0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28XlsFKnu74%3D
B.H. Luckman M.S. Kearney R.H. King A.B. Beaudoin (1986) ArticleTitleRevised 14C age for St. Helens Y tephra at Tonquin Pass, British Columbia Can. J. Earth Sci. 23 734–736
J.A. Lynch J.S. Clark N.H. Bigelow M.E. Edwards B.F. Finney (2003) ArticleTitleGeographic and temporal variations in fire history in boreal ecosystems of Alaska J. Geophys. Res. 108 IssueIDD1 8-1–8-17
G.M. Macdonald (1989) ArticleTitlePostglacial palaeoecology of the subalpine forest - grassland ecotone of southwestern Alberta: new insights on vegetation and climate change in the Canadian Rocky mountains and adjacent foothills Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 73 155–173 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0031-0182(89)90001-1
R.N. Mack V.M. Bryant W. Fell (1978a) ArticleTitleModern forest pollen spectra from eastern Washington and northern Idaho Bot. Gazet. 139 249–255
R.N. Mack N.W. Rutter V.M.J. Bryant S. Valastro (1978b) ArticleTitleReexamination of postglacial vegetation history in Northern Idaho: Hagar PondBonner Co Quat. Res. 10 241–255 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0033-5894(78)90104-7
R.N. Mack N.W. Rutter S. Valastro (1983) ArticleTitleHolocene vegetational history of the Kootenai River Valley, Montana Quat. Res. 20 177–193 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0033-5894(83)90076-5
A. Masters (1990) ArticleTitleChanges in forest fire frequency in Kootenay National Park, Canadian Rockies Can. J. Bot. 68 1763–1767
Mathewes R.W. 1985. Paleobotanical evidence for climatic change in Southern British Columbia during Late-Glacial and Holocene time. In: Harington C.R. (eds.), Climatic Changein Canada 5: Critical Periodsin the Quanternary Climatic history of North America. Volume Syllogeus 55. National Museums of Canada,Ottawapp, pp. 397–422.
R.W. Mathewes M. King (1989) ArticleTitleHolocene vegetation, climateand lake-level changes in the interior Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic zoneBritish Columbia Can. J. Earth Sci. 26 1811–1825
P.A. Mayewski E.E. Rohling J.C. Stager W. Karlen K.A. Maasch L.D. Meeker E.A. Meyerson F. Gasse S. Van Kreveld K. Holmgren J. Lee-Thorp G. Rosqvist F. Rack M. Staubwasser R.R. Schneider E.J. Steig (2004) ArticleTitleHolocene climate variability Quat. Res. 62 243–255 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.yqres.2004.07.001
P.J.J. Mehringer S.F. Arno K.L. Petersen (1977) ArticleTitlePostglacial history of Lost Trail Pass Bog, Bitterroot Mountains, Montana Arc. Alp. Res. 9 345–368
Meidinger D. and Pojar J. 1991. Ecosystems of British Columbia. Special Report No. 6, British Columbia Ministry of Forests. Victoria, B.C.
B. Menounos J. Koch G. Osborn J.J. Clague D. Mazzucchi (2004) ArticleTitleEarly Holocene glacier advancesouthern Coast Mountains, British ColumbiaCanada Quat. Sci. Rev. 23 1543–1550 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.023
S.H. Millspaugh C. Whitlock (1995) ArticleTitleA 750-year fire history on lake sediment records in central Yellowstone National Park, USA Holocene 5 283–292
S.H. Millspaugh C. Whitlock P.J. Bartlein (2000) ArticleTitleVariations in fire frequency and climate over the past 17,000 yr in central Yellowstone National Park Geology 28 211–214 Occurrence Handle10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0211:VIFFAC>2.3.CO;2
J.A. Mohr C. Whitlock C.N. Skinner (2000) ArticleTitlePostglacial vegetation and fire history, eastern Klamath Mountains, California, USA Holocene 10 587–601 Occurrence Handle10.1191/095968300675837671
C.H. Nash E.A. Johnson (1996) ArticleTitleSynoptic climatology of lightning-caused forest fires in subalpine and boreal forests Can. J. For. Res. 26 1859–1874
G. Osborn B.H. Luckman (1988) ArticleTitleHolocene glacier fluctuations in the Canadian Cordillera (Alberta and British Columbia) Quat. Sci. Rev. 7 115–128 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0277-3791(88)90002-9
J.N. Owens S. Simpson (1986) ArticleTitlePollen from conifers native to British Columbia Can. J. For. Res. 16 955–967
S.L. Palmer I.R. Walker M.L. Heinrichs R.J. Hebda G. Scudder (2002) ArticleTitlePostglacial midge community change and Holocene palaeotemperature reconstructions near treelinesouthern British Columbia (Canada) J. Paleolimnol. 28 469–490 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1021644122727
M.G. Pellatt R.J. Hebda R.W. Mathewes (2001) ArticleTitleHigh-resolution Holocene vegetation history and climate from Hole 1034BODP leg 169S, Saanich Inlet, Canada Mar. Geol. 174 211–226 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00151-1
M.G. Pellatt R.W. Mathewes I.R. Walker (1997) ArticleTitlePollen analysis and ordination of lake sediment-surface samples from coastal British Columbia, Canada Can. J. Bot. 75 799–814
M.G. Pellatt M.J. Smith R.W. Mathewes I.R. Walker (1998) ArticleTitlePaleoecology and postglacial treeline shifts in the northern Cascade Mountains, Canada Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 141 123–138 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00014-5
M.G. Pellatt M.J. Smith R.W. Mathewes I.R. Walker S.L. Palmer (2000) ArticleTitleHolocene treeline and climate change in the subalpine zone near Stoyama Mountain, Cascade Mountains, southwestern British Columbia, Canada Arc. Ant. Alp. Res. 32 73–83
S.C. Porter G.H. Denton (1967) ArticleTitleChronology of Neoglaciation in the North American Cordillera Amer. J. Sci. 265 177–210
C. Price D. Rind (1994) ArticleTitleThe impact of 2 × CO2 climate on lightning-caused fires J. Climate 7 1484–1494 Occurrence Handle10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<1484:TIOACC>2.0.CO;2
M.A. Reasoner (1986) ArticleTitleAn inexpensivelightweight percussion core sampling system Geog. phys. Quat. XL 217–219
M.A. Reasoner (1993) ArticleTitleEquipment and procedure improvements for a lightweightinexpensivepercussion core sampling system J. Paleolimnol. 8 273–281 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00177859
M.A. Reasoner M. Hickman (1989) ArticleTitleLate Quaternary environmental change in the Lake O’Hara region, Yoho National Park, British Columbia Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 72 291–316 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0031-0182(89)90149-1
M.A. Reasoner U.M. Huber (1999) ArticleTitlePostglacial palaeoenvironments of the upper Bow Valley, Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada Quat. Sci. Rev. 18 475–492 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00034-1
S.M. Rosenberg I.R. Walker R.W. Mathewes (2003a) ArticleTitlePostglacial spread of hemlock (Tsuga) and vegetation history in Mount Revelstoke National Park, British Columbia, Canada Can. J. Bot. 81 139–151 Occurrence Handle10.1139/b03-015
S.M. Rosenberg I.R. Walker R.W. Mathewes D.J. Hallett (2003b) ArticleTitleMidge-inferred Holocene climate history of two subalpine lakes in southern British Columbia Holocene 14 258–271
J.M. Ryder B. Thompson (1986) ArticleTitleNeoglaciation in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia: chronology prior to the late Neoglacial maximum Can. J. Earth Sci. 23 273–287
W.R. Skinner M.D. Flannigan B.J. Stocks D.L. Martell B.M. Wotton J.B. Todd J.A. Mason K.A. Logan E.M. Bosch (2002) ArticleTitleA 500 hPa synoptic wildland fire climatology for large Canadian forest fires, 1959–1996 Theor. App. Climatol 71 157–169
W.R. Skinner B.J. Stocks D.L. Martell B. Bonsal A. Shabbar (1999) ArticleTitleThe association between circulation anomalies in the mid-troposphere and area burned by wildland fire in Canada Theor. App. Climatol 63 89–105
M.J. Smith M.G. Pellatt I.R. Walker R.W. Mathewes (1998) ArticleTitlePostglacial changes in chironomid communities and inferred climate near treeline at Mount StoyomaCascade Mountains, southwestern British Columbia, Canada J. Paleolimnol. 20 277–293 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1007904917419
J.P. Smol B.F. Cumming (2000) ArticleTitleTracking long-term changes in climate using algal indicators in lake sediments J. Phycol. 36 986–1011 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.00049.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXotlGhtQ%3D%3D
M. Stuiver P.J. Reimer (1993) ArticleTitleExtended 14C database and revised CALIB radiocarbon calibration program Radiocarbon 35 215–230
M. Stuiver P.J. Reimer E. Bard J.W. Beck G.S. Burr K.A. Hughen B. Kromer G. Mccormac J. Plicht ParticleDer M. Spurk (1998) ArticleTitleINTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 24,000–0 cal BP Radiocarbon 40 1041–1083 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXotVSluw%3D%3D
S. Sugita (1994) ArticleTitlePollen representation of vegetation in Quaternary sediments: theory and method in patchy vegetation Ecology 82 881–897
R.J. Telford E. Heegaard H.J.B. Birks (2004) ArticleTitleThe intercept is a poor estimate of a calibrated radiocarbon age Holocene 14 296–298 Occurrence Handle10.1191/0959683604hl707fa
Thompson R.S., Anderson K.H. and Bartlein P.J. 1999. Atlas of Relationships bewteen Climatic Parameters and Distributions of Important Trees and Shrubs in North America. Professional Paper Volume 1650 A & B United States Geological Survey.
R.S. Thompson C. Whitlock P.J. Bartlein S.P. Harrison W.G. Spaulding (1993) Climatic changes in the western United States since 18,000 yr BP H.E. Wright SuffixJr. J.E. Kutzbach T. Webb SuffixIII W.F. Ruddiman F.A. Street-Perrott P.J. Bartlein (Eds) Global Climates since the Last Glacial Maximum University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis 468–513
R.E. Vance A.B. Beaudoin B.H. Luckman (1995) ArticleTitleThe paleoecological record of 6 Ka BP climate in the Canadian praire provinces Géog. phys. Quat. 49 81–98
I.R. Walker M.G. Pellatt (2003) ArticleTitleClimate change in coastal British Columbia Can. Wat. Res. J. 28 531–566
E. Watson B.H. Luckman (2001) ArticleTitleDendroclimatic reconstruction of precipitation for sites in the southern Canadian Rockies Holocene 11 203–213 Occurrence Handle10.1191/095968301672475828
E. Watson B.H. Luckman (2004) ArticleTitleTree-ring based reconstruction of precipitation for the southern Canadian Cordillera Clim. Change 65 209–241 Occurrence Handle10.1023/B:CLIM.0000037487.83308.02
R.G. Wetzel (2001) Limonology: Lake and River Ecosystems Academic Press San Diego 1006
C. Whitlock P.J. Bartlein (1998) ArticleTitleVegetation and climate change in northwest America during the past 125 kyr Nature 388 57–61
C. Whitlock J.P. Bradbury S.H. Millspaugh (1997) Controls on charcoal distribution in lake sediments: case studies from Yellowstone National Park and Northwestern Minnesota J.S. Clark H. Cachier J.G. Goldammer B. Stocks (Eds) Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change Springer-Verlag Heidelberg 367–386
Whitlock C. and Larsen C. 2001. Charcoal as a fire proxy. In: Smol J.P., Birks H.J.B. and Last W.M. (eds.), Tracking Environmental Changes Using Lake Sediments. Vol. 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 75–97.
C. Whitlock S.H. Millspaugh (1996) ArticleTitleTesting the assumptions of fire history studies: An examination of modern charcoal accumulation in Yellowstone National Park, USA Holocene 6 7–15
C. Whitlock S.L. Shafer J. Marlon (2003) ArticleTitleThe role of climate and vegetation change in shaping past and future fire regimes in the northwestern US and the implications for ecosystem management For. Ecol. Man. 178 5–21
L. Wick J.F.N. Leeuwen ParticleVan W.O. Kamp Particlevan der A.F. Lotter (2003) ArticleTitleHolocene vegetation development in the catchment of Sagitalsee (1935 m asl), a small lake in the Swiss Alps J. Paleolimnol. 30 261–272 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1026088914129
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hallett, D.J., Hills, L.V. Holocene Vegetation Dynamics, Fire History, Lake Level and Climate Change in the Kootenay Valley, Southeastern British Columbia, Canada. J Paleolimnol 35, 351–371 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-005-1335-6
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-005-1335-6