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Bacteriophage Endolysin: A Powerful Weapon to Control Bacterial Biofilms

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Abstract

Bacterial biofilms are widespread in the environment, and bacteria in the biofilm are highly resistant to antibiotics and possess host immune defense mechanisms, which can lead to serious clinical and environmental health problems. The increasing problem of bacterial resistance caused by the irrational use of traditional antimicrobial drugs has prompted the search for better and novel antimicrobial substances. In this paper, we review the effects of phage endolysins, modified phage endolysins, and their combination with other substances on bacterial biofilms and provide an outlook on their practical applications. Phage endolysins can specifically and efficiently hydrolyze the cell walls of bacteria, causing bacterial lysis and death. Phage endolysins have shown superior bactericidal effects in vitro and in vivo, and no direct toxicity in humans has been reported to date. The properties of phage endolysins make them promising for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Meanwhile, endolysins have been genetically engineered to exert a stronger scavenging effect on biological membranes when used in combination with antibiotics and drugs. Phage endolysins are powerful weapons for controlling bacterial biofilms.

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Fig. 1

Adapted from Maunders et al.

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Abbreviations

GlcNAc:

N-acetylglucosamine

MurNAc:

N-acetylmuramic acid

CBD:

Cell wall-binding domain

CD:

Catalytic domain

EADs:

Enzymatically active domains

kDa:

KDalton

L-peptide:

Linking-peptide

Biofilms:

Bacterial biofilms

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Acknowledgements

The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, grant number E1E40506 and Weiqiao-UCAS Special Projects on Low-Carbon Technology Development (No. GYY-DTFZ-2022-008).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Bingxin Liu, Qiucui Guo, Zong Li, Xiaoxiao Guo & Xinchun Liu

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  1. Bingxin Liu
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  2. Qiucui Guo
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  3. Zong Li
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  4. Xiaoxiao Guo
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  5. Xinchun Liu
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Contributions

Conceptualization, BL, and XL; methodology, BL; software, ZL; validation, QG; formal analysis, BL; investigation, XL; resources, XL; data curation, XG; writing—original draft preparation, BL; writing—review and editing, QG; visualization, ZL, and BL supervision, XL; project administration, XL; funding acquisition, XL. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Xinchun Liu.

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Liu, B., Guo, Q., Li, Z. et al. Bacteriophage Endolysin: A Powerful Weapon to Control Bacterial Biofilms. Protein J 42, 463–476 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10930-023-10139-z

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