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The Influence of Heparan Sulfate on Breast Amyloidosis and the Toxicity of the Pre-fibrils Formed by β-casein

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Abstract

Heparan sulfate (HS) as a mediator is usually involved in both inflammation and fibrosis. Besides, pre-fibrils are the intermediates of amyloid fibrils that usually cause cell death and tissue damage, like the amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s disease, α-synuclein in Parkinson disease and islet amyloid polypeptide in type II diabetes mellitus. However, the related study was involved rarely in breast. Therefore, the combing technologies including hematoxylin-eosin staining and thioflavin S staining were used to investigate the influence of HS on breast amyloidosis. To further study the toxicity of the pre-fibrils formed by β-casein on the HC11 cells and the breast mammary gland, the combing technologies including pentamer formyl thiophene acetic acid fluorescence analysis, MTT assay, Annexin V/PI staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining were performed. The results demonstrated that HS, acted as an endogenous molecule, induced the inflammation and amyloid fibril formation at the same time, and there was a close relationship between inflammation and fibrosis of breast. In addition, the pre-fibrils formed by β-casein were toxic because they induced the death and apoptosis of HC11 cells, as well as the inflammation of mammary gland of rats. Therefore, the early examination and identify of the pre-fibrils in the breast were worth considering to prevent the disease development, and it was interesting to explore the HS mimetics to impair the breast amyloidosis and attenuate the inflammatory response in the future.

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Data Availability

All data generated from this work are contained in the manuscript and its supplementary files.

Abbreviations

HS:

heparan sulfate

HE:

hematoxylin-eosin

ThS:

thioflavin S

p-FTAA:

pentamer formyl thiophene acetic acid

CA:

corpora amylacea

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledged the all participants and the organizations that funded my research.

Funding

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province (Grant no. 20210402038GH and 20180101253JC), the Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University (Grant no. 101832020CX318), and the Project of Bethune Plan from Jilin University (Grant no.2018B01).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Pharmacy College, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Street, 130021, Changchun, PR China

    Jia Wang, Jiayin Liu, Qinghai Dong, Yang An, Jun Su, Hongliu Xie, Bo Sun & Jihua Liu

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  1. Jia Wang
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  2. Jiayin Liu
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Contributions

Jia Wang: Methodology, Writing-review and editing, Writing-original draft. Jiayin Liu: Validation. Qinghai Dong: Data curation. Yang An: Software. Jun Su: Formal analysis. Hongliu Xie: Supervision. Bo Sun: Resources. Jihua Liu: Conceptualization, Project administration.

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Correspondence to Jihua Liu.

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Wang, J., Liu, J., Dong, Q. et al. The Influence of Heparan Sulfate on Breast Amyloidosis and the Toxicity of the Pre-fibrils Formed by β-casein. Protein J 41, 543–549 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10930-022-10071-8

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