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Compensatory Role of Double Mutation N348I/M184V on Nevirapine Binding Landscape: Insight from Molecular Dynamics Simulation

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Abstract

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) have emerged as gold standards in current anti-AIDS drug discovery and development by allosterically inhibiting HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT). Connection sub-domain mutation, N348I and the M184V active site mutation decreases HIV-1 RT susceptibility to NNRTI, nevirapine (NVP), whereas concurrence of both mutations improves enzyme susceptibility to NVP. Molecular dynamics simulation and enhanced post-dynamics analyses were applied to gain molecular insight into occurrence of N348I, M184V and N348I/M184V double mutations and their effect on NVP binding landscape. Results showed that the presence of the double mutation (N348I/M184V) ameliorates the drastic effects of connection sub-domain mutation, N348I alone on NVP binding, which correlates with experimental findings. We showed that the binding of NVP to the NNRTI binding pocket (NNIBP) is drastically distorted in the presence of connection sub-domain mutation, N348I and may further explain the impaired motions of mutant RTs compared to the wild type. The residue based fluctuation further suggested that the occurrence of N348I decreased the overall flexibility of NVP-HIV-RT complex whereas concurrence of N348I/M184V double mutation restored the conformational flexibility as compared to single mutant. This phenomenon was further validated by the trends of binding free energy as well as the per-residue footprints which showed an increased ∆Gbind in case of N348I/M184V double mutant as compared to N348I variant. Further, for the first time residue interaction network highlighted the structural changes due to occurrence of M184V and N348I mutations which gives a conclusive evidence of these mutations. This work provides the most comprehensive analysis of NVP resistance and the impact of double (N348I/M184V) mutation to date from a dynamics perspective and provides information that should prove useful for understanding the drug resistance mechanism against NVP. The results also provide preliminary data which might prove useful for the design of novel inhibitors that are less susceptible to drug resistance.

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Abbreviations

HIV-RT:

HIV reverse transcriptase

MD:

Molecular dynamics

NVP:

Nevirapine

NRTI:

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

NNIBP:

Non-nucleoside inhibitor binding pocket

NNRTI:

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

PCA:

Principal component analysis

RIN:

Residue interaction network

TAMS:

Thymidine associated mutations

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the School of Health Sciences, UKZN, for financial support and the Center of High Performance Computing (CHPC, www.chpc.ac.za) for computational resources. SB acknowledges the Amber community for helpful discussions related to script and implementation.

Conflict of interest

Authors declare no potential financial and other conflict of interests.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa

    Wilson Karubiu, Soumendranath Bhakat & Mahmoud E. S. Soliman

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Mahmoud E. S. Soliman

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  1. Wilson Karubiu
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  2. Soumendranath Bhakat
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  3. Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
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Correspondence to Mahmoud E. S. Soliman.

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Karubiu, W., Bhakat, S. & Soliman, M.E.S. Compensatory Role of Double Mutation N348I/M184V on Nevirapine Binding Landscape: Insight from Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Protein J 33, 432–446 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10930-014-9576-8

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