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Development and Initial Validation of the First Questionnaire to Evaluate Performance-related Pain Among Musicians with Different Backgrounds: Performance-related Pain Among Musicians Questionnaire (PPAM)

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Abstract

Aim

To develop and perform the expert’s content validation and pretesting of the first questionnaire specifically designed to evaluate performance-related pain among musicians with different backgrounds.

Methods

The development of the Performance-related Pain Among Musicians Questionnaire (PPAM) was carried out in 4 phases: (1) item generation, (2) experts’ panel evaluation and content validation (3) pretesting, and (4) conceptualization of the final version. For item generation we conducted two systematic reviews to identify the existing tools evaluating similar constructs and the predictive factors of performance-related pain. Four expert panel meetings and three pilot tests were performed, with a total of 94 musicians.

Results

From the 1154 articles initially found in the literature search, 153 were included (65 related to pain tools and 88 related to predictive factors) and a pool of 115 items were created. After expert panel evaluation and pretesting, a final self-report questionnaire was defined, comprising 33 core items to evaluate 3 constructs (pain intensity, pain interference in general activities and pain interference in performance), as well as 32 additional items (optional module – predictive factors).

Conclusions

The PPAM Questionnaire is specifically designed and validated for musicians and can be applied for all types of musicians (professional, amateur and music students), allowing the development of comparative studies between musicians. It is a new enriched tool, easy to respond and disseminate to large, multicentre, and international samples. PPAM is suitable for research and clinical practice purposes and will allow the improved assessment and monitoring of pain in this occupational context.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We are most grateful to all musicians who agreed to participate in this study for their support, time, and patience. We are also deeply grateful to all members of the panel of experts for the important contribution in the development and assessment of the PPAM.

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support was received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal

    Ana Zão & Luís Azevedo

  2. Center for Health Technology and Services Research and Health Research Network (CINTESIS@RISE), Porto, Portugal

    Ana Zão & Luís Azevedo

  3. Chronic Pain Unit and Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Ana Zão

  4. International Center of Arts Medicine, CUF Porto Institute, Porto, Portugal

    Ana Zão

  5. Institute of Music Physiology and Musician’s Medicine, University of Music, Drama, and Media, Hannover, Germany

    Eckart Altenmüller

  6. Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS) at FMUP, Porto, Portugal

    Luís Azevedo

Authors
  1. Ana Zão
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  2. Eckart Altenmüller
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  3. Luís Azevedo
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Ana Zão. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ana Zão and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ana Zão.

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Conflict of Interest

The authors certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.

Ethics Approval

This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (Application 27/CEFMUP/2021).

Consent to participate

Informed Consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study (or their legal representatives/parents when minor music students).

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Zão, A., Altenmüller, E. & Azevedo, L. Development and Initial Validation of the First Questionnaire to Evaluate Performance-related Pain Among Musicians with Different Backgrounds: Performance-related Pain Among Musicians Questionnaire (PPAM). J Occup Rehabil 34, 216–237 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-023-10130-6

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