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Synergistic Enhancement of Mechanical Strength and Antibacterial Activity in 3D Core–Shell Bone Scaffolds Incorporating Phosphate-Modified Pomegranate Peel Powder Within Polylactic Acid/Poly (Glycerol-Succinic Acid) Composite

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Abstract

Despite the imposing regenerative abilities of bone tissue, accomplishing rapid and successful bone regeneration remains challenging due to the complex back-and-forth of factors influencing the healing process. In bone tissue engineering, the mechanical strength and biocompatibility of 3D polymeric scaffolds, which the former is more challenging for bone tissue, are yet to be an unsolved problem. Herein, 3D cylindrical core–shell scaffolds were fabricated by dual-leaching technique using poly (Glycerol-Succinic Acid) (PGSU) as the sell, in combination with phosphate-modified pomegranate peels powder, and poly lactic acid (PLA). The main objective of developing such scaffolds is not only to improve compressive strength but also to enhance cell viability and antibacterial activity. Overall results confirmed that the developed core–shell scaffold, containing phosphate-modified pomegranate peel powder, on one hand, had an appropriate compressive strength due to the presence of PLA in its core; on the other hand, showed acceptable antibacterial activity for using pomegranate powder. Also, it demonstrated that the surface modification was successfully done. By incorporating phosphate-modified pomegranate peel powder into the core–shell scaffold, compressive strength of almost 6000 Pa was achieved, with a porosity of 90% alongside cell viability of almost 100%, as indicated by the MTT assay. The main reason for the appropriate biological response of the developed scaffold relevant to the biomolecule compounds presented in pomegranate powder, including tannins, phytochemicals, flavonoids, and antioxidants, as well as the presence of phosphate ions. Therefore, as the final perspective, the synergistic effects resulting from the combination of the scaffold's structural properties and the antibacterial properties of phosphate-modified pomegranate powder contribute to its overall effectiveness.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammadreza Shojaei & Vahabodin Goodarzi

  2. Trauma Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Davood Bizari

  3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

    Shahrokh Shojaei & Pedram Tehrani

  4. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohsen Korani

  5. Division of Bioengineering, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

    Lokman Uzun

  6. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 411, Taiwan

    Wei-Hsin Chen

  7. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan

    Wei-Hsin Chen

  8. Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan

    Wei-Hsin Chen

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  1. Mohammadreza Shojaei
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Contributions

Mohammadreza Shojaei: Investigation, Writing, Visualization, Writing- Original draft preparation; Davood Bizari: Conceptualization, Investigation, data collection; Shahrokh Shojaei: Conceptualization, Investigation, data collection; Pedram Tehrani: Conceptualization, Investigation, data collection; Mohsen Korani: Conceptualization, Investigation, data collection; Lokman Uzun: Conceptualization, Supervision, Reviewing and Editing; Wei-Hsin Chen: Conceptualization, Supervision, Reviewing and Editing; Vahabodin Goodarzi: Conceptualization, Supervision, Reviewing and Editing.

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Shojaei, M., Bizari, D., Shojaei, S. et al. Synergistic Enhancement of Mechanical Strength and Antibacterial Activity in 3D Core–Shell Bone Scaffolds Incorporating Phosphate-Modified Pomegranate Peel Powder Within Polylactic Acid/Poly (Glycerol-Succinic Acid) Composite. J Polym Environ (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03296-4

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