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Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Lemongrass Oil/Cellulose Nanofiber Pickering Emulsions Active Packaging and Its Application on Tomato Preservation

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Abstract

Pickering emulsification is a cutting-edge technique to stabilize emulsions using solid particles rather than conventional emulsifiers and is applicable in active packaging. Pickering emulsion-based coatings are known for good coalescence stability and long-term storage stability which can prolong the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. This study evaluates coating solutions of 2% (w/v) chitosan combined with 1% and 2% (w/v) lemongrass oil (LGO), using 0.5% (w/v) cellulose nanofibers (CNF) as the Pickering emulsion stabilizer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to analyze film morphology. The results showed an increase in film roughness with the LGO Pickering emulsion addition. The chemical interactions within the emulsified coating and oil droplet dispersion were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively. In films containing LGO, FTIR revealed increased peak intensities and the presence of a new peak, while CLSM results showed uniform oil droplet distribution throughout the emulsified coating. Chitosan film incorporating LGO Pickering emulsions exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) increased film thickness, a* value, b* value, total color difference (ΔE), opacity, elongation at break (flexibility), and significantly (p < 0.05) decreased film moisture content, water vapor permeability, and tensile strength (stretchability). Tomatoes were stored at 20 °C and 60% RH for 15 days, and quality parameters (weight loss, redness (a*/b*), and firmness) were assessed. The results show better weight loss (9.05%) and a*/b* values (1.44) was obtained with tomatoes coated with chitosan/1% LGO Pickering emulsions, compared to the uncoated and other coated tomatoes. In vivo, antifungal activity of the chitosan coating with the LGO Pickering emulsion against tomatoes inoculated with Botrytis cinerea, stored at 25 °C and 60% RH, demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) increased lesion diameter inhibition percentage (LDI%) from 34.46–57.44%. In this study, CH/1% LGO Pickering emulsions active packaging was the best treatment.

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Data Availability

Data that support the findings of this study will be made available by the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This study was funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Number 21H04748.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan

    Francis Ngwane Nkede, Nguyen Thi Hang Phuong, Manaka Takahashi, Arisa Koga, Mohammad Hamayoon Wardak & Meng Fanze

  2. Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia

    Ata Aditya Wardana

  3. Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology, Tien Giang University, 119 Ap Bac, My Tho city, Vietnam

    Nguyen Thi Hang Phuong

  4. Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock, Kabul, Afghanistan

    Mohammad Hamayoon Wardak

  5. Laboratory of Postharvest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 819–0395, Japan

    Fumina Tanaka & Fumihiko Tanaka

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  1. Francis Ngwane Nkede
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Contributions

FNN has been involved in the conceptualization, methodology, and manuscript drafting. AAW, NTHP, and  TMT have also made great contributions to methodology and experimental works. AK,  MHW, and MF have contributed substantially to data analysis and interpretation. FT has involved in supervision, editing and revision of manuscript. FT has supervised, edited, and revised the manuscript. FT has been involved in funding acquisition, supervision, editing, and approval of manuscripts.

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Correspondence to Fumihiko Tanaka.

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Nkede, F.N., Wardana, A.A., Phuong, N.T.H. et al. Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Lemongrass Oil/Cellulose Nanofiber Pickering Emulsions Active Packaging and Its Application on Tomato Preservation. J Polym Environ 31, 4930–4945 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02885-z

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