Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An Eco-friendly Adsorbent of Chitosan/Montmorillonite/Algae for Removal of Basic Green 1 and Reactive Blue 19 Dyes: Box-Behnken Design Optimization Mechanistic Study

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Polymers and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, a green and effective adsorbent of chitosan/montmorillonite/algae (CHI/MMT/ALG) composite was developed to be an alternative adsorbent to remove dyestuffs including basic green 1 (BG1) and reactive blue 19 (RB19) from the aqueous solutions. The physicochemical characteristics of CHI/MMT/ALG were analyzed using XRD, CHN–O, BET, FTIR, pHpzc, and SEM analytical techniques. The findings of the characterization revealed that the increased surface functionalities offered an enticing platform for the improved adsorption of cationic and anionic dye molecules. The essential adsorption variables, such as A: CHI/MMT/ALG dosage (0.02–0.08 g), B: pH (4–9), and C: duration (5–30 min), were optimized using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) approach. The BG1 adsorption process demonstrated a better match with the Langmuir model, whereas the RB19 adsorption process exhibited a better fit with both the Temkin and Langmuir models. The fitting of the kinetic analysis illustrates that the BG1 and RB19 adsorption by CHI/MMT/ALG could be better represented by a pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacity of CHI/MMT/ALG for BG1 and RB19 was specified to be 509.5 mg/g and 227.9 mg/g, respectively. The endothermicity and spontaneity of the BG1 and RB19 adsorption processes are evidenced by thermodynamic analysis. The improved surface functionalities of CHI/MMT/ALG inspired the adsorption mechanism of CHI/MMT/ALG for BG1 and RB19 could be essentially ascribed by electrostatic attraction, n-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding. Overall, the study’s findings indicate that the newly developed CHI/MMT/ALG has significant potential for the removal of synthetic dye from aqueous.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Eltabey RM, Abdelwahed FT, Eldefrawy MM, Elnagar MM (2022) Fabrication of poly (maleic acid)-grafted cross-linked chitosan/montmorillonite nanospheres for ultra-high adsorption of anionic acid yellow-17 and cationic brilliant green dyes in single and binary systems. J Hazard Mater 439:129589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Tkaczyk A, Mitrowska K, Posyniak A (2020) Synthetic organic dyes as contaminants of the aquatic environment and their implications for ecosystems: a review. Sci Total Environ 717:137222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Akar ST, Koc E, Sayin F, Kara I, Akar T (2021) Design and modeling of the decolorization characteristics of a regenerable and eco-friendly geopolymer: batch and dynamic flow mode treatment aspects. J Environ Manage 298:113548

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Tripathy BK, Kumar S, Kumar M, Debnath A (2020) Microwave induced catalytic treatment of brilliant green dye with carbon doped zinc oxide nanoparticles: central composite design, toxicity assessment and cost analysis. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manage 14:100361

    Google Scholar 

  5. Zhang L, Su M, Guo X (2008) Studies on the treatment of brilliant green solution by combination microwave induced oxidation with CoFe2O4. Sep Purifi Technol 62(2):458–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Reghioua A, Barkat D, Jawad AH, Abdulhameed AS, Khan MR (2021) Synthesis of Schiff’s base magnetic crosslinked chitosan-glyoxal/ZnO/Fe3O4 nanoparticles for enhanced adsorption of organic dye: modeling and mechanism study. Sustain Chem Pharm 20:100379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Chen M, Yang H, Xu ZL, Cheng C (2022) Separation of single and mixed anionic dyes in saline solutions using uncharged polyacrylonitrile-tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (PAN-Tris) ultrafiltration membrane: performance and mechanism. J Clean Prod 336:130471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Nnaji PC, Anadebe VC, Ezemagu IG, Onukwuli OD (2022) Potential of Luffa cylindrica seed as coagulation-flocculation (CF) agent for the treatment of dye wastewater: kinetic, mass transfer, optimization and CF adsorption studies. Arab J Chem 15(2):103629

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sayin F (2022) Insight into decolorization characteristics of a green biocomposite sorbent system prepared by immobilization of fungal cells on lignocellulosic matrix: Box-behnken design. Water Air Soil Pollut 233(7):262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Sánchez-Albores R, Cano FJ, Sebastian PJ, Reyes-Vallejo O (2022) Microwave-assisted biosynthesis of ZnO-GO particles using orange peel extract for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. J Environ Chem Eng 10(6):108924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Singh AL, Chaudhary S, Kumar S, Kumar A, Singh A, Yadav A (2022) Biodegradation of reactive yellow-145 azo dye using bacterial consortium: a deterministic analysis based on degradable Metabolite, phytotoxicity and genotoxicity study. Chemosphere 300:134504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Pormazar SM, Dalvand A (2022) Adsorption of reactive black 5 azo dye from aqueous solution by using amine-functioned Fe3O4 nanoparticles with L-arginine: process optimisation using RSM. Int J Environ Anal Chem 102(8):1764–1783

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Russo T, Fucile P, Giacometti R, Sannino F (2021) Sustainable removal of contaminants by biopolymers: a novel approach for wastewater treatment. Curr State Futur Perspect Process 9(4):719

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Omer AM, Dey R, Eltaweil AS, Abd El-Monaem EM, Ziora ZM (2022) Insights into recent advances of chitosan-based adsorbents for sustainable removal of heavy metals and anions. Arab J Chem 15(2):103543

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Shahadat M, Jha A, Islam SU, Ali SW, Ahammad SZ, Adnan R, Ismail I (2022) Recent advances in chitosan-polyaniline based nanocomposites for environmental applications: a review. Polymer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124975

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Abdulhameed AS, Jawad AH, Vigneshwaran S, ALOthman ZA, Yaseen ZM (2022) Different TiO2 phases (Degussa/Anatase) modified cross-linked chitosan composite for the removal of reactive red 4 dye: Box-behnken design. J Polym Environ 30(12):5084–5099

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hamza MF, Wei Y, Mira HI, Adel AH, Guibal E (2019) Synthesis and adsorption characteristics of grafted hydrazinyl amine magnetite-chitosan for Ni (II) and Pb (II) recovery. Chem Eng J 362:310–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ibrahiem HA, El-Dougdoug WI, Hefni HH, El-Sawy AA, Kamal HM, Mahmoud KF (2021) Removal of Ni (II), Mn (II) and Zn (II) from crude yellow cake aqueous solution by cross-linked chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol. Egypt J Petrol 30(3):61–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Jawad AH, Rangabhashiyam S, Abdulhameed AS, Syed-Hassan SSA, ALOthmanWilson ZALD (2022) Process optimization and adsorptive mechanism for reactive blue 19 dye by magnetic crosslinked chitosan/MgO/Fe3O4 biocomposite. J Polym Environ 30(7):2759–2773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Zaman HG, Baloo L, Aziz F, Kutty SR, Ashraf A (2022) COD adsorption and optimization from produced water using chitosan–ZnO nanocomposite. Appl Nanosci 12(6):1885–1898

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Ye X, Shang S, Zhao Y, Cui S, Zhong Y, Huang L (2021) Ultra-efficient adsorption of copper ions in chitosan–montmorillonite composite aerogel at wastewater treatment. Cellulose 28(11):7201–7212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Saad EM, Elshaarawy RF, Mahmoud SA, El-Moselhy KM (2021) New ulva lactuca algae based chitosan bio-composites for bioremediation of Cd (II) ions. J Bioresour Bioprod 6(3):223–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kurczewska J (2022) Chitosan-montmorillonite hydrogel beads for effective dye adsorption. J Water Process Eng 48:102928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang W, Fan M, Ni J, Peng W, Cao Y, Li H, Song S (2022) Efficient dye removal using fixed-bed process based on porous montmorillonite nanosheet/poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/sodium alginate hydrogel beads. Appl Clay Sci 219:106443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Miao Y, Peng W, Wang W, Cao Y, Li H, Chang L, Zhang T (2022) 3D-printed montmorillonite nanosheets based hydrogel with biocompatible polymers as excellent adsorbent for Pb (II) removal. Sep Purifi Technol 283:120176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kang S, Zhao Y, Wang W, Zhang T, Chen T, Yi H, Song S (2018) Removal of methylene blue from water with montmorillonite nanosheets/chitosan hydrogels as adsorbent. Appl Surf Sci 448:203–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wang W, Ni J, Chen L, Ai Z, Zhao Y, Song S (2020) Synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose-chitosan-montmorillonite nanosheets composite hydrogel for dye effluent remediation. Int J Biol Macromol 165:1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ting ASY, Cheng CKW, Santiago KAA (2021) Decolourization of malachite green dye by endolichenic fungi from the lichen Usnea sp.: a novel study on their dye removal potential. J King Saud Uni-Sci 33(7):101579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Ramachandran G, Chackaravarthi G, Rajivgandhi GN, Quero F, Maruthupandy M, Alharbi NS, Li WJ (2022) Biosorption and adsorption isotherm of chromium (VI) ions in aqueous solution using soil bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Environ Res 212:113310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hockaday J, Harvey A, Velasquez-Orta S (2022) A comparative analysis of the adsorption kinetics of Cu2+ and Cd2+ by the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus. Algal Res 64:102710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Abdulhameed AS, Jawad AH, Kashi E, Radzun KA, ALOthmanWilson ZALD (2022) Insight into adsorption mechanism, modeling, and desirability function of crystal violet and methylene blue dyes by microalgae: Box-Behnken design application. Algal Rese 67:102864

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Zain ZM, Abdulhameed AS, Jawad AH, ALOthman ZA, Yaseen ZM (2022) A pH-sensitive surface of chitosan/sepiolite clay/algae biocomposite for the removal of malachite green and remazol brilliant blue R dyes: optimization and adsorption mechanism study. J Polym Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02614-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Dalvand A, Nabizadeh R, Ganjali MR, Khoobi M, Nazmara S, Mahvi AH (2016) Modeling of reactive blue 19 azo dye removal from colored textile wastewater using L-arginine-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles: optimization, reusability, kinetic and equilibrium studies. J Magne Magne Mater 404:179–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sing KS (1985) Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity (Recommendations 1984). Pure Appl Chem 57(4):603–619

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ma L, Zhou X, Xu L, Xu X, Zhang L, Chen W (2015) Chitosan-assisted fabrication of ultrathin MoS2/graphene heterostructures for Li-ion battery with excellent electrochemical performance. Electrochim Acta 167:39–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Lazaridou M, Nanaki S, Zamboulis A, Papoulia C, Chrissafis K, Klonos PA, Bikiaris DN (2021) Super absorbent chitosan-based hydrogel sponges as carriers for caspofungin antifungal drug. Int J Pharm 606:120925

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Chen YW, Lee HV, Juan JC, Phang SM (2016) Production of new cellulose nanomaterial from red algae marine biomass Gelidium elegans. Carbohydr Polym 151:1210–1219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Altıntıg E, Ates A, Angın D, Topal Z, Aydemir Z (2022) Kinetic, equilibrium, adsorption mechanisms of RBBR and MG dyes on chitosan-coated montmorillonite with an ecofriendly approach. Chem Eng Res Design 188:287–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Almomani F, Bhosale RR (2021) Bio-sorption of toxic metals from industrial wastewater by algae strains Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris: application of isotherm, kinetic models and process optimization. Sci Total Environ 755:142654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Jawad AH, Abdulhameed AS, Wilson LD, Hanafiah MAKM, Nawawi WI, ALOthman ZA, RizwanKhan M (2021) Fabrication of Schiff’s base chitosan-glutaraldehyde/activated charcoal composite for cationic dye removal: optimization using response surface methodology. J Polym Environ 29:2855–2868

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kutluay S, Temel F (2021) Silica gel based new adsorbent having enhanced VOC dynamic adsorption/desorption performance. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp 609:125848

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Marichamy MK, Kumaraguru A, Jonna N (2021) Particle size distribution modeling and kinetic study for coagulation treatment of tannery industry wastewater at response surface optimized condition. J Clean Prod 297:126657

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Pandey S, Son N, Kang M (2022) Synergistic sorption performance of karaya gum crosslink poly (acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile)@ metal nanoparticle for organic pollutants. Int J Biol Macromol 210:300–314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lagergren S (1898) Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption geloster stoffe. Vet Akad Handl 24:1–39

    Google Scholar 

  45. Ho YS, McKay G (1998) Sorption of dye from aqueous solution by peat. Chem Eng J 70:115–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Wang Z, Liu L, Lan Y, Li W (2022) Sn0-modified carbon derived from cigarette butts as a recycled material for enhanced removal of antibiotic phenacetin. J Environ Chem Eng 10(2):107164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Normi NI, Abdulhameed AS, Jawad AH, Surip SN, Razuan R, Ibrahim ML (2022) Hydrothermal-assisted grafting of Schiff base Chitosan by Salicylaldehyde for adsorptive removal of acidic dye: statistical modeling and adsorption mechanism. J Polym Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02730-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Langmuir I (1918) The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. J Am Chem Soc 40:1361–1403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Frenudlich HMF (1906) Over the adsorption in solution. J Phys Chem 57:385–471

    Google Scholar 

  50. Temkin MI (1940) Kinetics of ammonia synthesis on promoted iron catalysts, Acta physiochim. URSS 12:327–356

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Li C, Zhao S, Huang X, Xie D, Li X, Ma J, Liao Y (2022) Development of humic acid based adsorbents for fast and efficient removal of ammonia and organic nitrogen from super magnetic separation treated wastewater. J Environ Chem Eng 10(2):107223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hoseinzadeh H, Hayati B, Ghaheh FS, Seifpanahi-Shabani K, Mahmoodi NM (2021) Development of room temperature synthesized and functionalized metal-organic framework/graphene oxide composite and pollutant adsorption ability. Mater Res Bullet 142:111408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ghaedi M, Zeinali N, Ghaedi AM, Teimuori M, Tashkhourian J (2014) Artificial neural network-genetic algorithm based optimization for the adsorption of methylene blue and brilliant green from aqueous solution by graphite oxide nanoparticle. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Mol Biomol Spectro 125:264–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Mandal S, Alankar T, Hughes R, Marpu SB, Omary MA, Shi SQ (2022) Removal of hazardous dyes and waterborne pathogens using a nanoengineered bioadsorbent from hemp–fabrication, characterization and performance investigation. Surf Interface 29:101797

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Özkahraman B, Bal A, Acar I, Güçlü G (2011) Adsorption of brilliant green from aqueous solutions onto crosslinked chitosan graft copolymers. Clean-Soil Air Water 39(11):1001–1006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Ragab A, Ahmed I, Bader D (2019) The removal of brilliant green dye from aqueous solution using nano hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite as a sorbent. Mol 24(5):847

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Mirmohseni A, Dorraji MS, Figoli A, Tasselli F (2012) Chitosan hollow fibers as effective biosorbent toward dye: preparation and modeling. Biores Technol 121:212–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Phan DN, Rebia RA, Saito Y, Kharaghani D, Khatri M, Tanaka T, Kim IS (2020) Zinc oxide nanoparticles attached to polyacrylonitrile nanofibers with hinokitiol as gluing agent for synergistic antibacterial activities and effective dye removal. J Ind Eng Chem 85:258–268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Liang C, Shi Q, Feng J, Yao J, Huang H, Xie X (2022) Adsorption behaviors of cationic methylene blue and anionic reactive blue 19 dyes onto nano-carbon adsorbent carbonized from small precursors. Nanomater 12(11):1814

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Oliveira HALD, Gomide G, Vieira CADM, Guerra AAAM, Depeyrot J, Campos AFC (2022) Hybrid magnetic CoFe2O4@γ-Fe2O3@CTAB nanocomposites as efficient and reusable adsorbents for Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye. Environ Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2022.2115946

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Gao M, Xu D, Gao Y, Chen G, Zhai R, Huang X, Liu G (2021) Mussel-inspired triple bionic adsorbent: facile preparation of layered double hydroxide@ polydopamine@ metal-polyphenol networks and their selective adsorption of dyes in single and binary systems. J Hazard Mater 420:126609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ahmad R, Ansari K (2022) Fabrication of alginate@ silver nanoparticles (Alg@AgNPs) bionanocomposite for the sequestration of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromol 218:157–167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam, Malaysia for the research facilities. The author (Zeid A. ALOthman) is grateful to the Researchers Supporting Project No. (RSP2023R1), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

The author (Zeid A. ALOthman) is grateful to the Researchers Supporting Project No. (RSP2023R1), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Kamaliah Rosli, S. N. Surip & Ali H. Jawad

  2. Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad, Iraq

    Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed

  3. College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq

    Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed

  4. School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, 3552, Australia

    S. N. Surip

  5. Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Zeid A. ALOthman

Authors
  1. Kamaliah Rosli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. N. Surip
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zeid A. ALOthman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ali H. Jawad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by KR, ASA, SNS, ZAA, AHJ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by KR, ASA, AHJ, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali H. Jawad.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical Approval

Not applicable.

Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

Consent to Publish

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rosli, K., Abdulhameed, A.S., Surip, S.N. et al. An Eco-friendly Adsorbent of Chitosan/Montmorillonite/Algae for Removal of Basic Green 1 and Reactive Blue 19 Dyes: Box-Behnken Design Optimization Mechanistic Study. J Polym Environ 31, 3907–3924 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02869-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02869-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation