Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Biodegradable Polymers- A Review on Recent Trends and Emerging Perspectives

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Polymers and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Recent trends in biodegradable polymers indicate significant developments in terms of novel design strategies and engineering to provide advanced polymers with comparably good performance. However, there are several inadequacies in terms of either technology or cost of production especially in the case of applications in environmental pollution. So, there is a need to have a fresh perspective on the design, properties and functions of these polymers with a view to developing strategies for future developments. The paper reviews the present state-of-art on biodegradable polymers and discusses the salient features of the design and properties of biodegradable polymers. Special emphasis is given to the problems and prospects of (1) approaches adopted to make non-biodegradable synthetic polymers such as polyethylene biodegradable and (2) biodegradable polymers and copolymers made from renewable resources especially poly(lactic acid) based polymers and copolymers which are emerging as the candidate biodegradable materials for the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Vert M, Santos ID, Ponsart S, Alauzet N, Morgat JL, Coudane J (2002) Polym Int 51:840–844

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Vroman I, Tighzert L (2009) Materials 2:307–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bastioli C (2005) Handbook of biodegradable polymers. Rapra Technol. Ltd., Shawbury, UK

    Google Scholar 

  4. Pilla CKS (1999) In: Vyas JN, Panda DL (eds) Saket plastics hand book. Saket projects Ltd., Ahemadabad, pp 369–386

  5. Middleton JC, Tipton AJ (2000) Biomater 21:2335–2346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Varlet PM, Rahn B, Gogolewski S (1997) Biomater 18:257–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Prokop A, Jubel A, Hahn U, Dietershagen M, Bleidistel M, Peters C, Hofl A, Rehm KE (2005) Biomater 26:4129–4138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hasirci V, Lewandrowski K, Gresser JD, Wise DL, Trantolo DJ (2001) J Biotechnol 86:135–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gogolewski S, Jovanovic M, Perren SM, Dillon JG, Hughes MK (1993) J Biomed Mater Res 27:1135–1148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Agrawal AK, Bhalla R (2003) J Macromol Sci Polym Rev C43:479–503

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Van der Zee M (1997) Structure-biodegradability relationships of polymeric materials. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Twente; Enschede, Netherlands

  12. Seal KL (1994) Chemistry and technology of biodegradable polymers. Blackie, Glasgow, pp 116–134

    Google Scholar 

  13. Albertsson AC, Karlsson S (1994) Chemistry and technology of biodegradable polymers. Blackie, Glasgow, pp 7–17

    Google Scholar 

  14. Wang XL, Yangand KK, Wang YZ (2003) J Macromol Sci Polym Rev 43:385–409

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. ASTM D 6400-99 (1976) Standard specification for compostable plastics, annual book of standards. ASTM, Philadelphia

  16. Hammer WJ (1993) In: Gebelein CG (ed) Biotechnological polymers, medical pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Technomic PublishingCompany, Pennsylvannia, pp 175–190

  17. Narayan R (1992) In: Vert M, Feijen J, Albertsson A, Scott G, Chiellini E (eds) Biodegradable polymers and plastics. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 176–190

  18. Breant P, Aitken Y (1992) In: Vert M, Feijen J, Albertsson A, Scott G, Chiellini E (eds) Biodegradable polymers and plastics. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 165–168

  19. Swift G (1993) In: Gebelein CG (ed) Biotechnological polymers, medical, pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Technomic Publishing Company, Pennsylvannia, pp 191–196

  20. Hamid SH, Amin MB, Maadhah AG (1992) Handbook of polymer degradation. Marcel Dekker, New York, Hong Kong, p 55

  21. Chandra R, Rustgi R (1998) Biodegradable polymers. Prog Polym Sci 23:1273–1335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Grima S, Maurel VB, Feuilloley P, Silvestre F (2000) Aerobic biodegradation of polymers in solid-stae conditions: a review of environmental and physicochemical parameter settings in laboratory simulations. J Polym Environ 8:183–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Swift G (1995) Opportunities for environmentally degradable polymers. J Macromol Sci Pure Appl Chem 32:641–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kalia VC, Raizada N, Sonakya V (2000) Bioplastics J Sci Ind Res 59:433–445

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Schnabel W, Polymer Degradation (1981) Principles and applications. Hanser International, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ching C, Kaplan DL, Thomas E (1991) Biodegradable polymers and packaging. Technomic, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kaplan DL, Thomas E, Ching C (1993) Biodegradable materials and packaging. Technomic Press, Lancaster, PA

    Google Scholar 

  28. Vert M, Feijen J, Albertsson A, Scott G, Chiellini E (1992) Biodegradable polymers and plastics. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  29. Doi Y, Fakuda K (eds) (1994) Biodegradable plastics and polymers. Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York

    Google Scholar 

  30. Griffin GJL (1994) Chemistry and technology of biodegradable polymers. Chapman and Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  31. MacGregor EA, Greenwood CT (1980) Polymers in nature. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  32. Carraher CA, Sperling LH (1983) Polymer applications of renewable resource materials. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  33. Glass JE, Swift G (1989) Agricultural and synthetic polymers, biodegradation and utilization. ACS symposium series, 433. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC

  34. Byrom D (1991) Biomaterials: novel materials from biological sources. Stockton Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  35. Moore GF, Saunders SM (eds) (1997) Advances in biodegradable polymers. Rapra Review Reports, Shawbury

  36. Scott G, Gilead D (1995) Degradable Polymers. Chapman and Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  37. Emo C, Roberto S (2003) Recent advances in biodegradable polymers and plastics. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  38. Mallapragada S, Narasimhan B (2005) The handbook of biodegradable polymeric materials and their applications. American Scientific Publishers, USA

    Google Scholar 

  39. Cassidy PE, Aminabhavi TM (1981) J Macromol Sci Rev Macromol Chem C21:89–133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Sudesh KG, Kalpagam V, Nandi US, Macromol J (1982) Sci Rev Macromol Chem Phys C22:225–260

    Google Scholar 

  41. Bastioli C (1987) Biodegradable materials. In: Brody AL, Marsh KS (eds) The wiley encyclopedia of packaging technology, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 77–83

  42. Aminabhavi TM, Balundgi RH, Cassidy PE (1990) Polym Plast Technol Eng 29:235–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Evans JD, Sikdar SK (1990) Chemtech 20:38–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Klemchuk PP (1990) Polym Degrad Stab 27:183–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Albertsson AC, Mathisen T (1990) Polym Mater Sci Eng 62:409–410

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Scott G (1990) Polym Degrad Stab 29:135–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Swift G (1990) Polym Mater Sci Eng 63:846–852

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Huang JC, Shetty AS, Wang MS (1990) Adv Polym Tech 10:23–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Holland SJ, Tighe BJ (1992) Adv Pharm Sci 1:101–165

    Google Scholar 

  50. Tanna RJ, Gross R, McCarthy SP (1992) Polym Mater Sci Eng 67:230–231

    Google Scholar 

  51. Gu JD, McCarthy SP, Smith GP, Eberial D, Gross RA (1992) Polym Mater Sci Eng 67:294–295

    Google Scholar 

  52. Palmisano AC, Pettigrew CA (1992) Bioscience 42:680–685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Luzier WD (1992) Proc. Nat Acad Sci USA 89:839–842

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Swift G (1992) FEMS Microbiol Rev 103:339–345

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Swift G (1993) Acc Chem Res 26:105–110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Satyanarayana D, Chatterji PR, Macromol J (1993) Sci Rev Macromol Chem Phys C33:349–368

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kaplan DL, Mayer JM, Ball D, McCassie J, Allan AL, Stenhouse P (1993) In: Ching C, Kaplan DL, Thomas EL (eds) Biodegradable polymers and packaging. Technomic Publication, Basel, pp 1–43

  58. Albertsson AC, Macromol J (1993) Sci Pure Appl Chem A30:757–765

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lenz RW (1993) Adv Polym Sci 107:1–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. David C,De Kesel C, Lefebvre F, Weiland M (1994) Die Ang Makro Chem 216:21–35

    Google Scholar 

  61. Andrady AL, Macromol J (1994) Sci Rev Macromol Chem Phys C34:25–76

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Scott G (1994) In: Doi Y, Fukuda K (eds) Biodegradable plastics and polymers. Elsevier Science, BV, pp 79–91

  63. Albertsson AC, Karlsson S, Macromol J (1996) Sci Pure Appl Chem 33:1565–1570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Beach E, Douglas B, Roy U, Noel D (1996) Appl Math Model 20:388–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Pradhan R, Shivprakash SY, Gohel M, Shah D (1996) Indian Drugs 33:374–383

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Vasnev VA (1997) Vysokomolekularnye Soedineniya Ser A Ser B Ser C Kratkie Soobshcheniya 39:2073–2086

  67. Amass W, Amass A, Tighe B (1998) B Polym Int 47:89–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. De Wilde B, Boelens J (1998) Polym Degrd Stab 59:7–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Flemming HC (1998) Polym Degrd Stab 59:309–315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bastioli C (1998) Macromol Symp 135:193–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Bastioli C (2001) Starch/Staerke 53:351–355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Bastioli C (2000) Green-tech 2000 conference. Utrecht, Holland

    Google Scholar 

  73. Anuradha M, Kumar VG (1999) Indian J Chem Sect B Org Chem Incl Med Chem 38:525–537

    Google Scholar 

  74. Nayak PL, Macromol J (1999) Sci Rev Macromol Chem Phys 39:481–505

    Google Scholar 

  75. Petersen K, Væggemose NP, Bertelsen G, Lawther M, Olsen MB, Nilsson NH, Mortensen G (1999) Trends Food Sci Technol 10:52–68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Fomin VA, Guzeev VV (2001) Progr Rubber Plast Tech 17:186–204

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Rouilly A, Rigal L (2002) J Macromol Sci Polym Rev 42:441–479

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Gross RA, Kalra B (2002) Science 297:803–807

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Scott G (2000) Polym Degrd Stab 68:1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Chiellini E, Cinelli P, D’Antone S, Ilieva VI (2002) Polimery/Polymers 47:538–544

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Van de Velde K, Kiekens P (2002) Polym Test 21:433–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Narayan R (2002) Proceedings of TAPPI place conference. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, pp 371–378

  83. Flieger M, Kantorová M, Prell A, Řezanka T, Votruba J (2003) Folia Microbiol 48:27–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Stevens ES (2003) Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  85. Ren XJ (2003) Clean Prod 11:27–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Pillai CKS (2010) Des Monomers Polym 13:87–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Ralston BE, Osswald TA (2005) Global plastics environmental conference 2005: GPEC 2005—creating sustainability for the environment. Society of Plastics Engineers, U.K., Amazon.co.uk, pp 209–217

  88. Okada M (2002) Prog Polym Sci 27:87–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Kricheldorf HR (2004) J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 42:4723–4742

    Google Scholar 

  90. Hori Y, Takahashi Y, Yamaguchi A, Hagiwara T (1995) Can J Microbiol 41:282–288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Tang S, Tao X, Li X, Zhang X (2004) Shiyou Huagong/Petrochem Technol 33:1009–1015

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Zheng Y, Yanful EK, Bassi AS (2005) Crit Rev Biotechnol 25:243–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Stowers M (2005) Global plastics environmental conference 2005: GPEC 2005—creating sustainability for the environment. Society of Plastics Engineers, U. K., Amazon.co.uk, pp 265–288

  94. Raquez JM, Degée P, Nabar Y, Narayan R, Dubois P (2006) C R Chimie 9:1370–1379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Gunatillake PA, Mayadunne R, Adhikari R (2006) Biotechnol Annu Rev 12:301–347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Demirbas A (2007) Energy Source Part A 29:19–424

    Google Scholar 

  97. Wang N, Yu J, Ma X (2007) Shiyou Huagong/Petrochem Technol 36:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  98. Yu L, Dean K, Li L (2006) Prog Polym Sci 31:576–602

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Spasówka E, Rudnik E, Kijenński J (2006) Polymer 51:617–626

    Google Scholar 

  100. Bogoeva-Gaceva G, Avella M, Malinconico M, Buzarovska A, Grozdanov A, Gentile G, Errico ME (2007) Polym Compos 28:98–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Mohanty AK, Misra M, Hinrichsen G (2000) Macromol Mater Eng 276–277:1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (2002) J Polym Environ 10:19–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Lodha P, Netravali AN (2002) J Mater Sci 37:3657–3665

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Bhakat P, Borkar SP, Mantha S (2007) Man-Made Textiles in India 50:19–22

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Pandey JK, Pratheep KA, Misra M, Mohanty AK, Drzal LT, Singh RJP (2005) J Nanosci Nanotechnol 5:497–526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Chiellini E, Cinelli P, Chiellini F, Imam SH (2004) Macromol Biosci 4:218–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Williams GI, Wool RP (2000) Appl Compos Mater 7:421–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Cooke TF (1990) J Polym Eng 9:171–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Satyanarayana KG, Pillai CKS, Sukumaran K, Vijayan K, Rohatgi PK (1982) J Mater Sci UK 17:2453-2463

    Google Scholar 

  110. Cooke TF (1990) J Polym Eng 9:171–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Mohanty AK, Misra M (1995) Polym Plast Technol Eng 34:729–792

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Venkataswamy MA, Pillai CKS, Prasad VS, Satyanarayana KG (1987) J Mater Sci UK, 22:3167-3172

    Google Scholar 

  113. Nabi SD, Jog JP (1999) Adv Polymer Tech 18:351–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Rhim J-W, Ng PKW (2007) Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 47:411–433

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Yang K-K, Wang X-L, Wang Y-Z (2007) J Ind Eng Chem 13:485–500

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Kronenthal RL (1975) Polym Sci Technol 8:119–137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Kopecek J, Ulbrich K (1983) Prog Polym Sci 9:1–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Kumar N, Ravikumar MNV, Domb AJ (2001) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 53:23–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Albertsson AC, Varma IK (2002) Adv Polym Sci 157:1–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Chu CC (2002) In: Park JB, Bronzino JD (eds) Biomaterials: principles and applications. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, pp 95–115

  121. Prasad VS, Pillai CKS, Kricheldorf HR (2001) Macromol Chem Phys Pure Appl Chem A 28:641–657

    Google Scholar 

  122. Prasad VS, Pillai CKS, Kricheldorf HR, Polym J (2001) Sci Polym Chem Edn 39:2430–2443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Hutmacher D, Hürzeler MB, Schliephake H (1996) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implant 11:667–678

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Hofmann GO (1995) Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 114:123–132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Ikada Y, Tsuji H (2000) Macromol Rapid Comm 21:117–132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Wang SG, Wan YQ, Cai Q, He B, Chen WN (2004) Chem Res Chin Univ 20:191–194

    Google Scholar 

  127. Shimao M (2001) Curr Opin Biotechnol 12:242–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Prasad VS, Pillai CKS (2002) J Polym Sci Polym Chem 40:1845

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Jeong B, Bae YH, Lee DS, Kim SW (1997) Nature 88:860–862

    Google Scholar 

  130. Okada H, Toguchi H (1995) Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 12:1–99

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Anderson JM (1995) In: Hollinger (JO) Biomedical applications of synthetic biodegradable polymers. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 223–233

  132. Hayashi T (1994) Prog Polym Sci 19:663–702

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Kamath KR, Park K (1993) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 11:59–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Durucan C, Brown PW (2001) Adv Eng Mater 3:227–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Böstman O, Pihlajamäki H (2000) Biomaterials 21:2615–2621

    Google Scholar 

  136. Temenoff JS, Mikos AG (2000) Biomaterials 21:2405–2412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Sudha JD, Ramamohan TR, Pillai CKS, Scariah J (1999) Eur Polym J 35:1637

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Sudha JD, Pillai CKS, Bera S (1996) J Polym Mater 13:317

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Heller J (1984) Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 1:39–90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Sudha JD, Pillai CKS, Polym J (2003) Sci Polym Chem 41:335–346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Ooya T, Yui N, Pharma STP (1999) Science 9:129–138

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Martina M, Hutmacher DW (2007) Polym Int 56:145–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Cleland JL (1997) Pharm Biotechnol 10:1–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Kimura H, Ogura Y (2001) Ophthalmology 215:143–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Maquet V, Jerome R (1997) Mater Sci Forum 250:15–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Agrawal CM, Athanasiou KA, Heckman JD (1997) Mater Sci Forum 250:115–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Brannon PL (1995) Int J Pharm 116:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Tuncay M, Calis S, Pharm FABADJ (1999) Science 24:109–123

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Valappil SP, Misra SK, Boccaccini A, Roy I (2006) Expet Rev Med Dev 3:853–868

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Jain R, Shah NH, Malick AW, Rhodes CT (1998) Drug Dev Ind Pharm 24:703–727

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Pridgen EM, Langer R, Farokhzad OC (2007) Nanomedicine 2:669–680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Nair LS, Laurencin CT (2007) Prog Polym Sci 32:762–798

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Mano JF, Silva GA, Azevedo HS, Malafaya PB, Sousa RA, Silva SS, Boesel LF, Oliveira LM, Santos TC, Marques AP, Neves NM, Reis RL, Royal J (2007) Soc Interface 4:999–1030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Williams CK (2007) Chem Soc Rev 36:1573–1580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Amsden B (2007) Soft Matter 3:1335–1348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Pillai CKS, Sharma CP (2010) J Biomed Appl 25:291–366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Pillai CKS, Paul W, Sharma CP (2010) Chitosan: manufacture, properties and uses. Nova Science Publishers, Inc, Hauppauge

    Google Scholar 

  158. Witt U, Yamamoto M, Seeliger U, Muller RJ, Warzelhan V (1999) Angew Chem Int Ed 38:1438–1442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Mecking S (2004) Angew Chem Int Ed 43:1078–1085

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Davis G, Read A, Bulson H, Harrison D, Billett E (2004) Resour Conserv Recy 40:343–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. Hatti KR, Törnvall U, Gustafsson L, Börjesson P (2007) Trends Biotechnol 25:119–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Bakare IO, Pavithran C, Okieimen FE, Pillai CKS (2006) J Appl Polym Sci 100:3748–3755

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Bakare IO, Pavithran C, Okieimen FE, Pillai CKS (2008) J Appl Polym Sci 109:3292–3301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Carraher CE, Sperling LH (1985) Renewable resource materials: new polymer sources. Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  165. Northey RA (1992) Emerging technology of materials and chemicals from biomass. ACS Sym. Series 476, Washington, DC

  166. Pillai CKS (1997) In: Cheremisinoff NP (eds) Handbook of advanced polymeric materials. Marcel Dekker, New York

  167. Pillai CKS (1996) Pop Plast Packag 41(August issue):64

  168. Pillai CKS (1996) Pop Plast Packag 41(October issue):67

  169. Pillai CKS (1996) Pop Plast Packag 41 (November issue):69

  170. Simon J, Müller HP, Koch R, Müller V (1998) Polym Degrd Stab 59:107–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A (2005) Angew Chem Int Edit 44:3358–3393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. El Seoud OA, Heinze T (2005) Adv Polym Sci 186:103–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Popa VI, Breaban I-G (1995) Cellul Chem Technol 29:575–587

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Salerno KR, Szostak KJ (2001) Fibres Text East Eur 9:69–72

    Google Scholar 

  175. Edgar KJ, Buchanan CM, Debenham JS, Rundquist PA, Seiler BD, Shelton MC, Tindall D (2001) Prog Polym Sci 26:1605–1688

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Goynes WR, Moreau JP, DeLucca AJ, Ingber BF (1995) Text Res J 65:489–494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Sriroth K, Sangseethong K (2006) Acta Hortic 703:145–151

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Avérous L, Macromol J (2004) Sci Polym Rev 44:231–274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Vikman M, Itavaara M, Poutanen K (1995) Biodegradation of starch-based materials. J Macromol Sci Pure Appl Chem A32:863–866

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Suvorova AI, Tyukova IS, Trufanova EI (2000) Russ Chem Rev 69:451–459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Maddever WJ (1988) Proc ACS Div Polym Mater Sci Eng 58:751

    Google Scholar 

  182. Pillai CKS, Paul W, Sharma CP (2009) Progr Polym Sci 34:641–678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Pavlath AE, Voisin A, Robertson GH (1999) Macromol Symp 140:107–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Pillai CKS (2005) Pop Plast Packag 50:83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Luckachan GE, Pillai CKS (2004) In: Proceedings of the international conference on polymers for advanced technologies. MACRO 2004, Thiruvananthapuram, India, pp 111

  186. Pillai CKS (2003) Biodegradable polymers. 5th NSC Micro Symposium, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, p 210

    Google Scholar 

  187. Azab AK, Orkin B, Doviner V, Nissan A, Klein M, Srebnik M et al (2006) Crosslinked chitosan implants as potential degradable devices for brachytherapy: in vitro and in vivoanalysis. J Control Release 111:281–289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Xu J, McCarthy SP, Gross RA, Kaplan DL (1996) Chitosan film acylation and effects on biodegradability. Macromolecules 29:3436–3440

    Google Scholar 

  189. Schou M, Longares A, Montesinos HC, Monahan FJ, O’Riordan D, O’Sullivan M (2005) Casein and soybean protein-based thermoplastics and composites as alternative biodegradable polymers for biomedical applications. Food Sci Technol 38(6):605–610

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Pillai CKS (2009) Pop Plast Packag 54:41–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Manjula S, Pillai CKS (1987) Polym News 12:359

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. (a) Menon ARR, Sudha JD, Pillai CKS, Mathew AG (1985) J Scient Ind Res 44:324. (b) John G, Pillai CKS (1990) Polym Bull 22:89

  193. John G, Pillai CKS (1992) Macromol Chem Rapid Commun 13:255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Coulembier O, Degée P, James LH, Dubois P (2006) Prog Polym Sci 31:723–747

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. John G, Pillai CKS (1993) J Polym Sci Polym Chem Edn 31:1067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. Braunegg G, Lefebvre G, Genser KF (1998) Biotechnology 65:127–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Chen GQ (2005) In: Smith R (ed) Biodegradable polymers for industrial applications. CRC Press, Cambridge, England, pp 32–56

  198. Philip S, Keshavarz T, Roy I (2007) J Chem Technol Biotechnol 82:233–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Steinbüchel A (1992) Curr Opin Biotechnol 3:291–297

    Google Scholar 

  200. Brandl H, Gros RA, Lenz RW, Fuller RC (1990) Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 41:77–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Byrom D (1987) Trends Biotechnol 5:246–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Dias JML, Lemos PC, Serafim LS, Oliveira C, Eiroa M, Albuquerque MGE, Ramos AM, Reis MAM (2006) Macromol Biosci 6:885–906

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Hankermeyer CR, Tjeerdema RS (1999) Environ Contam Toxicol 159:1–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Kessler B, Weusthuis R, Witholt B, Eggink G (2001) Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 71:159–182

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Anderson AJ, Dawes EA (1990) Microbiol Rev 54:450–472

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Guillet J (2002) In: Scott G (ed) Degradable polymers: principles and applications. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, pp 413–448

  207. Webb AR, Yang J, Ameer GA (2004) Expet Opin Biol Ther 4:801–812

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Pachence JM, Kohn J (2000) In: Lanza RP, Langer R, Vacanti JP (eds) Principles of tissue engineering. Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp 263–277

  209. Madison LL, Huisman GW (1999) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63:21–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Zinn M, Witholt B, Egli T (2001) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 53:5–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Williams SF, Martin DP, Horowitz DM, Peoples OP (1999) Int J Biol Macromol 25:111–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Reddy CSK, Ghai R, Rashmi KVC (2003) Bioresour Technol 87:137–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Jendrossek D (2001) Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 71:293–325

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Kolattukudy PE (2001) Biochem Eng Biotechnol 71:1–49

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Mergaert J, Anderson C, Wouters A, Swings J, Kersters K (1992) FEMS Microbiol Rev 103:317–321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Kim DY, Rhee YH (2003) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 61:300–308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Ueda H, Tabata Y (2003) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 55:501–518

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Sudesh K, Abe H, Doi Y (2000) Prog Polym Sci 25:1503–1555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Inoue Y, Yoshie N (1992) Prog Polym Sci 17:571–610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Lee K-M, Gilmore DF (2005) Process Biochem 40:229–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Pouton CW, Akhtar S (1996) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 18:133–162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Verhoogt H, Ramsay BA, Favis BD (1994) Polymer 35:5155–5169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Lee SY, Choi JI, Wong HH (1999) Int J Biol Macromol 25:31–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Suriyamongkol P, Weselake R, Narine S, Moloney M, Shah, S (2007) Biotechnol Adv 25:148–175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Patnaik PR (2005) Crit Rev Biotechnol 25:153–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. LüY (2007) Frontiers Biol China 2:21–25

    Google Scholar 

  227. Jacquel N, Lo C-W, Wei Y-H, Wu H-S, Wang SS (2008) Biochem Eng J 39:15–27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Do YK, Hyung WK, Moon GC, Young HR (2007) J Microbiol 45:87–97

    Google Scholar 

  229. Zou XH, Chen G-Q (2007) Macromol Biosci 7:174–182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Sun Z, Ramsay JA, Guay M, Ramsay BA (2007) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 75:475–485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Mooney BP (2009) Biochem J 418:219–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Ran N, Zhao L, Chen Z, Tao J (2008) Green Chem 10:361–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Howard J, Hood E (2007) Crop Sci 47:1255–1262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  234. Philip S, Keshavarz T, Roy I (2007) J Chem Technol Biotechnol 82:233–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Ojumu TV, Yu J, Solomon BO (2004) Afr J Biotechnol 3:18–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Trainer MA, Charles TC (2006) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 71:377–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Nomura CT, Taguchi S (2007) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 73:969–979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Lenz RW, Marchessault RH (2005) Biomacromolecules 6:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Tokiwa Y, Ugwu CU (2007) J Biotechnol 32:264–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Chen G-Q, Wu Q (2005) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 67:592–599

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Jérôme C, Lecomte P (2008) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60:1056–1076

    Google Scholar 

  242. Verlinden RAJ, Hill DJ, Kenward MA, Williams CD, Radecka I (2007) J Appl Microbiol 102:1437–1449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Nguyen S (2008) Can J Chem 86:570–578

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Zhijiang C, Zhihong W (2007) J Mater Sci 42:5886–5890

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Li X, Liu KL, Li J, Tan EPS, Chan LM, Lim CT, Goh SH (2006) Biomacromolecules 7:3112–3119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Pepic D, Nikolic MS, Djonlagic J (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 106:1777–1786

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Lunt J (1998) Polym Degrad Stab 59:145–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Athanasiou KA, Agrawal CM, Barber FA, Burkhart SS (1998) Arthroscopy 14:726–737

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Jain RA (2000) Biomaterials 21:2475–2490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Hartmann MH (1998) In: Kaplan DL (ed) Biopolymers from renewable resources. Springer, Berlin, pp 367

  251. Garlotta D (2001) J Polym Environ 9:63–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Tsuji H (2002) In: Doi Y, Steinbüchel A (eds) Biopolymers. Polyesters III. Applications and commercial products, 1st edn. Wiley-VCH, Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, pp 129–177

  253. Rajeev M, Vineet K, Haripada B, Upadhyay SN (2005) Polym Rev 45:325–349

    Google Scholar 

  254. Perepelkin KE (2002) Fibre Chem 34:85–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Drumright RE, Gruber PR, Henton DE (2000) Adv Mater 23:1841–1846

    Article  Google Scholar 

  256. Datta R, Tsai SP, Bonsignore P, Moon SH, Frank JR (1995) FEMS Microbiol Rev 16:221–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Elvers B, Hawkins S, Schulz G (1990) In: Ullman’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th edn. Wiley-VCH, Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, A15, pp 97–105

  258. Dorgan JR, Lehermeier HJ, Palade L, Cicero J (2001) Macromol Symp 175:55–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Hocking PJ, Marchessault RH (1994) In: Griffin GJL (eds) Chemistry and technology of biodegradable polymers. Blackie Academic and Professional, London, pp 48–96

  260. Sinclair RG, Macromol J (1996) Sci Pure Appl Chem 33:585–597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  261. Vert M, Schwach G, Coudane J, Macromol J (1995) Sci Pure Appl Chem A32:787–796

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Van TR, Fowler P, Lawther M, Weber CJ (2000) In: Weber CJ (ed) Biobased packaging materials for the food industry: status and perspectives. KVL, Frederiksberg, Denmark, p. 136

  263. Vert M, Li S, Garreau H (1995) Macromol Symp 98:633–642

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Vaidya AN, Pandey RA, Mudliar S, Kumar MS, Chakrabarti T, Devotta S (2005) Crit Rev Env Sci Technol 35:429–467

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Tsuji H (2005) Macromol Biosci 5:569–597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Auras R, Harte B, Selke S (2004) Macromol Biosci 4:835–864

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Duda A (2003) Przem Chem 82:905–907

    Google Scholar 

  268. Duda A, Penczek S (2003) Polimery/Polymers 48:16–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Foltynowicz Z, Jakubiak P (2002) Polimery/Polymers 47:769–774

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Johansen P, Men Y, Merkle HP, Gander B (2000) Eur J Pharmaceut Biopharmaceut 50:129–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Thomasin C, Nam-Trân H, Merkle HP, Gander B (1998) J Pharm Sci 87:259–268

    Google Scholar 

  272. Anderson JM, Shive MS (1997) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 28:5–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Panyam J, Labhasetwar V (2003) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 55:329–347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Wasewar KL (2005) Chem Biochem Eng 19:159–172

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Bogaert JC, Coszach P (2000) Macromol Symp 153:287–303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Södergãrd A, Stolt M (2002) Prog Polym Sci 27:1123–1163

    Google Scholar 

  277. Wang S, Cui W, Bei J (2005) Anal Bioanal Chem 381:547–556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Gupta B, Revagade N, Hilborn J (2007) Prog Polym Sci 32:455–482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Mundargi RC, Babu VR, Rangaswamy V, Patel P, Aminabhavi TM, Control J (2008) Release 125:193–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Kint D, Muñoz-Guerra S (1999) Polym Int 48:346–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Varma IK, Albertsson A-C, Rajkhowa R, Srivastava RK (2005) Prog Polym Sci 30:949–981

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Müller RJ (2005) In: Bastioli C (ed) Handbook of biodegradable polymers. Rapra Technology Ltd, Shawbury, UK, pp 303–338

  283. Friedrich J, Zalar P, Mohorčič M, Klun U, Kržan A (2007) Chemosphere 67:2089–2095

    Google Scholar 

  284. Heumann S, Eberl A, Pobeheim H, Liebminger S, Colbrie GF, Almansa E, Paulo AC, Gübitz GM, Biochem J (2006) Bioph Methods 69:89–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Henkensmeier D, Abele BC, Candussio A, Thiem J (2004) Polymer 45:7053–7059

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Klun U, Friedrich J, Krzan A (2003) Polym Degrd Stab 79:99–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Marqués MS, Regaño C, Nyugen J, Aidanpa L, Guerra SM (2000) Polymer 41:2765–2772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  288. Oppermann FB, Pickartz S, Steinbüchel A (1998) Polym Degrd Stab 59:337–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Stokes K (1993) Cardiovasc Pathol 2:111–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  290. Andreoni V, Baggi G, Guaita C, Manfrin P (1993) Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 31:41–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Labow RS, Sa D, Matheson LA, Dinnes DLM, Santerre JP (2005) Biomaterials 26:7357–7366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Santerre JP, Woodhouse K, Laroche G, Labow RS (2005) Biomaterials 26:7457–7470

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Guan J, Fujimoto KL, Sacks MS, Wagner WR (2005) Biomaterials 26:3961–3971

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Borchardt JK (2004) Mater Today 7:25

    Google Scholar 

  295. Yeganeh H, Talemi PH (2007) Polym Degrad Stab 92:480–489

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Bonzani IC, Adhikari R, Houshyar S, Mayadunne R, Gunatillake PA, Stevens MM (2007) Biomaterials 28:423–433

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Báez JE, Fernández ÁM, Aguilar RL, Richa A (2006) M. Polymer 47(26):8420–8429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Anderson JM, Hiltner A, Wiggins MJ, Schubert MA, Collier TO, Kao WJ, Mathur AB (1998) Polym Int 46:163–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Orna K, Gogolewski S (2000) ASTM Spec Tech Publ 1396:39–57

    Google Scholar 

  300. Belyakov VK, Bukin II, Tarakanov OG, Berlin AA (1971) Polym Sci USSR 13:1779–1798

    Article  Google Scholar 

  301. Domb AJ, Amselem S, Shah J, Maniar M (1993) Adv Polym Sci 107:93–141

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Kumar N, Langer RS, Domb AJ (2002) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:889–910

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Göpferich A, Tessmar J (2002) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:911–931

    Google Scholar 

  304. Katti KS, Lakshmi S, Langer R, Laurencin CT (2002) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:933–961

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Leong KW, Domb A, Langer A (1989) In: Mark HF, Kroschwitz JI (eds) Encyclopaedia of polymer science and technology. Wiley, New York, pp 648

  306. Okamura A, Hirai T, Tanihara M, Yamaoka T (2002) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:889–910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  307. Heller J, Barr J, Ng SY, Abdellauoi KS, Gurny R (2002) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:1015–1039

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Scopelianos AG (1994) In: Shalaby SW (ed) Biomedical polymers designed-to-degrade systems. Hanser, New York, pp 153–171

  309. Lakshmi S, Katti DS, Laurencin CT (2003) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 55:467–482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Kawabata N (2007) React Funct Polym 67:1292–1300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Matsumura S, Kurita H, Shimokobe H (1993) Biotechnol Lett 15:749–754

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Kim P, Laivenieks M, Vieille C, Zeikus JG (2004) Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1238–1241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Arvanitoyannis IS (1999) Polym Rev 39:205–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  314. McCarthy SP (1999) Macromol Symp 144:63–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Chiellini E, Corti A, Swift G (2003) Polym Degrad Stab 81:341–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Briassoulis D (2006) Polym Degrd Stab 91:1256–1272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Okuwaki A (2004) Polym Degrad Stab 85:981–988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Fortelny I, Michalkova D, Krulis Z (2004) Polym Degrad Stab 85:975–979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Orhan Y, Buyukgungor H (2000) Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 45:49–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Chandra R, Rustgi R (1997) Polym Degrad Stab 56:185–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. Bikiaris D, Prinos J, Perrier C, Panayiotou C (1997) Polym Degrad Stab 57:313–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Bikiaris D, Prinos J, Panayiotou C (1997) Polym Degrad Stab 58:215–228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Sharma N, Chang LP, Chu YL, Ismail H, Ishiaku US, Ishak ZAM (2001) Polym Degrad Stab 71:381–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Roy PK, Surekha P, Rajagopal C, Choudhary V (2006) Polym Degrad Stab 91:1980–1988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Jin C, Christensen PA, Egerton TA, Lawson EJ, White JR (2006) Rapid measurement of polymer photo-degradation by FTIR spectrometry of evolved carbon dioxide. Polym Degrd Stab 91:1086–1096

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Basfar AA, Ali KMI (2006) Polym Degrad Stab 91:437–443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. Albertsson A-C, Erlandsson B, Hakkarainen M, Karlsson S (1998) J Environ Polym Degrd 6:187–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. Scott G, Wiles DM (2001) Biomacromolecules 2:615–622

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Gorghiu LM, Jipa S, Zaharescu T, Setnescu R, Mihalcea I (2004) Polym Degrad Stab 84:7–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. Zuchowska D, Steller R, Meissner W (1998) Polym Degrad Stab 60:471–480

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Peanasky JS, Long JM, Wool RP (1991) J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 29:565–579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. Bikiaris D, Prinos J, Koutsopoulos K, Vouroutzi N, Pavlidou E, Frangis N, Panayiotou C (1998) Polym Degrad Stab 59:287–291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. Kabbaz F (1998) Photo and thermo-oxidation of polyethylene with enhanced degradability. Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden

    Google Scholar 

  334. Bikiaris D, Prinos J, Panayiotou C (1997) Polym Degrad Stab 56:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  335. Luchachan GE, Lissy J, Prasad VS, Pillai CKS (2006) Polym Degrad Stab 91:1484–1494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. Potts JE, Clendinning RA, Ackart WB, Niegisch WD (1972) Polym Preprints 13:629–632

    Google Scholar 

  337. Hueck HJ (1974) Int Biodetn Bull 10:87–90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. Otake Y, Kobayashi T, Hitoshi A, Murakami N, Ono K (1995) J Appl Polym Sci 56:1789–1796

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  339. Albersson AC, Karlsson S (1990) Polym Degrad Stab 15:177–192

    Google Scholar 

  340. Albersson AC, Barenstedt C, Karlsson S (1994) J Appl Polym Sci 51:1097–1105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  341. Griffin GJL (1978) British patent No: 1 485 833

  342. Austin RG (1994) US patent No: 5 334 700

  343. Austin RG (1994) US patent No: 5 281 681

  344. Mikawa et al. (1994) US patent No: 5 367 033

  345. Yoo et al. (1995) US patent No: 5 461 093

  346. Bednar et al. (1995) US patent No: 5,404,999

  347. Yoo et al. (1995) US patent No: 5 461 094

  348. Labbe et al. (2002) US patent No: 6 401 390

  349. Downie et al. (2002) US patent No: 6 482 872

  350. Khemani et al. (2003) US patent No: 6 573 340

  351. Bond et al. (2005) US patent No: 6 946 506

  352. Goheen SM, Wool RP (1991) J Appl Polym Sci 42:2691–2701

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  353. Arvanitoyannis I, Biliaderis CG, Ogawa H, Kawasaki N (1998) Carbohydr Polym 36:89–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. Shah PB, Bandopadhyay S, Bellare JR (1995) Polym Degrad Stab 47:165–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Danjaji ID, Nawang R, Ishiaku US, Ismail H, Ishak ZAM, Appl J (2001) Polym Sci 79:29–37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  356. Raj B, Annadurai V, Somashekar R, Raj M, Siddaramaiah S (2001) Euor Polym J 37:943–948

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. Tsao R, Andersson TA, Coats JR (1993) J Environ Polym Degrad 1:301–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Arutchelvi J, Sudhakar M, Arkatkar A, Doble M, Bhaduri S, Uppara PV (2008) Indian J Biotechnol 7:9–22

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  359. Griffin GJL (1980) Pure Appl Chem 52:399–407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  360. Kang BG, Yoon SH, Lee SH, Yie JE, Yoon BS, Suh MH (1996) J Appl Polym Sci 60:1977–1984

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Patil DR, Fanta GF (1993) J Appl Polym Sci 47:1765–1772

    Google Scholar 

  362. Henderson AM, Rudin A (1982) J Appl Polym Sci 27:4115–4135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Dennenberg RJ, Bothast RJ, Abbott TP (1978) J Appl Polym Sci 22:459–465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. Jane et al. (1992) US patent No: 5 115 000

  365. Jane et al. (1991) US patent No: 5 059 642

  366. Tena-Salcido CS, Rodríguez-González FJ, Méndez-Hernández ML, Contreras-Esquivel JC (2008) Polym Bull 60:677–688

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. Zhu Y, Zhang R, Jiang W, Polym J (2004) Sci Part A Polym Chem 42:5714–5724

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Martínez JG, Benavides R, Guerrero C, Reyes BE (2004) Polym Degrad Stab 86:129–134

    Google Scholar 

  369. Qiu W, Endo T, Hirotsu T (2005) Eur Polym J 41:1979–1984

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  370. Sánchez Y, Albano C, Karam A, Perera R, Silva P, González J (2005) Nucl Instrum Meth B 236:343–347

    Google Scholar 

  371. Shujun W, Jiuga Y, Jinglin Y (2005) Polym Degrad Stab 87:395–401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  372. Huang CY, Roan ML, Kuo MC, Lu WL (2005) Polym Degrad Stab 90:95–105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  373. Otey FH, Westhoff RP, Russell CR (1977) Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 16:305–308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  374. Bikiaris D, Panayiotou C (1998) J Appl Polym Sci 70:1503–1521

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  375. Taylor L (1979) Chem Tech 22:542–548

    Google Scholar 

  376. Kumar GS, Kalpagam V, Nandi US, Macromol J (1982) Sci Rev Macromol Chem Phys C22:225–260

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  377. Johnson R, Plast J (1988) Film Sheet 4:155–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  378. Sastry PK, Satyanarayana D, Rao DVM (1998) J Appl Polym Sci 70:2251–2257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  379. Kiatkamjornwong S, Thakeow P, Sonsuk M (2001) Polym Degrad Stab 73:363–375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  380. Khabbaz F, Albertsson AC, Karlsson S (1999) Polym Degrad Stab 63:127–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  381. Khabbaz F, Albertsson AC (2001) J Appl Polym Sci 79:2309–2316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  382. Abd El-Rehim HA, Hegazy EA, Ali AM, Rabie AM (2004) J Photochem Photobiol A 163:547–556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  383. Jakubowicz I (2003) Polym Degrad Stab 80:39–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  384. Jakubowicz I, Yarahmadi N, Petersen H (2006) Polym Degrad Stab 91:1556–1562

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  385. Bonhomme S, Cuer A, Delort AM, Lemaire J, Sancelme M, Scott G (2003) Polym Degrad Stab 81:441–452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. Manzur A, Gonzalez ML, Torres EF (2004) J Appl Polym Sci 92:265–271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  387. Raghavan D, Emekalam A (2004) Polym Degrad Stab 72:509–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  388. Kaur I, Dogra R, Kaur S, Deepika N (2008) J Appl Polym Sci 108:140–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  389. Maharana T, Singh BC (2006) J Appl Polym Sci 100:3229–3239

    Google Scholar 

  390. El-Arnaouty MB, Abdel Ghaffar AM, El Shafey HM (2008) J Appl Polym Sci 107:744–754

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  391. Ghosh RN, Jana T, Ray BC, Adhikari B (2004) Polym Int 53:339–343

    Google Scholar 

  392. Herald TJ, Obuz E, Twombly WW, Rausch KD (2002) Cereal Chem 79:261–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  393. Klass CP (2007) Paper 360:28–31

    Google Scholar 

  394. Santonja-Blasco L, Contat-Rodrigo L, Moriana-Torró R, Ribes-Greus A (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 106:2218–2230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  395. Hasan F, Shah AA, Hameed A, Ahmed S (2007) Synergistic effect of photo- and chemical treatment on the rate of biodegradation of low density polyethylene by fusarium sp. J Appl Polym Sci 105(3):1466–1470

    Google Scholar 

  396. Akaranta O, Oku GE (1997) Carbohydr Polym 34:403–405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  397. Rutkowska M, Heimowska A, Krasowska K, Janik H (2002) Polish J Environ Stud 11:267–274

    Google Scholar 

  398. Nath M, Shenoy MA, Kale DD (2007) J Polym Mater 24:163–170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  399. Ruiz FA, Plas J (2007) Film Sheet 23:109–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  400. Moura I, Machado AV, Duarte FM, Botelho G, Nogueira R (2008) Sci Forum 587–588:520–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  401. Senna MM, Yossef AM, Hossam FM, El-Naggar AWM (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 106:3273–3281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  402. Albersson AC, Andersson SO, Karlsson S (1987) Polym Degrad Stab 18:73–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  403. Husarova L, Machovsky M, Gerych P, Houser J, Koutny M (2010) Polym Degrad Stab 95:1794–1799

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  404. Kawai F (1995) Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 52:151–194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  405. Kawai F, Watanabe M, Shibata M, Yokoyama S, Sudate Y (2002) Polym Degrad Stab 76:129–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  406. Albersson AC, Karlsson S (1990) Polym Degrad Stab 15:177–192

    Google Scholar 

  407. Albersson AC, Barenstedt C, Karlsson S, Lindberg T (1995) Polymer 36:3075–3083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  408. Lindblad MS, Liu Y, Albersson AC, Ranucci E, Karlsson S (2001) Adv Polym Sci 157:139–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  409. Shah AA, Hasan F, Hameed A, Ahmed S (2008) Biotechnol Adv 26:246–265

    Google Scholar 

  410. Zheng Y, Yanful EK, Bassi AS (2008) Polym Degrad Stab 93:561–584

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  411. Wiles DM, Scott G (2006) Polym Degrad Stab 91:1581–1592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  412. Kricheldorf HR (2001) Chemosphere 43:49–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  413. Kharas GB, Sanchez RF, Severson DK (1994) In: Mobley DP (ed) Plastics from microbe. Hanser, New York, pp 93–137

  414. Doi Y, Fukuda K (eds) (1994) Biodegradable plastics and polymers. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  415. Tsuji H, Ikada Y (1999) Curr Trends Polym Sci 4:27–46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  416. Albersson AC, Varma IK (2003) Biomacromolecules 4:1466–1486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  417. Li S, Tenon M, Garreau H, Braud C, Vert M (2000) Polym Degrad Stab 67:85–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  418. Zhou S, Deng X, Li X, Jia W, Liu L (2004) J Appl Polym Sci 91:1848–1856

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  419. Tuominen J, Kylma J, Kapanen A, Venelampi O, Itavaara M, Seppala J (2002) Biomacromolecules 3:445–455

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  420. Torres A, Li SM, Roussos S, Vert M (1996) J Appl Polym Sci 62:2295–2302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  421. Bergsma JE, Rozema FR, Bos RRM, Boering G, Bruijn WC, Pennings AJ (1995) Biomaterials 16:267–274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  422. Grijpm DW, Kroeze E, Wijenhuis AJ, Pennings AJ (1993) Polymer 34:1496–1503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  423. Chen X, McCarthy SP, Gross RA (1997) Macromolecules 30:4295–4301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  424. Jamshidi K, Hyon SH, Ikada Y (1988) Polymer 29:2229–2234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  425. Gupta AP, Kumar V (2007) Eur Polym J 43:4053–4074

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  426. Wan Y, Chen W, Yang J, Bei J, Wang S (2003) Biomaterials 24:2195–2203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  427. Vaccaro AR, Singh K, Haid R, Kitchel S, Wuisman P, Taylor W, Branch C, Garfin S (2003) Spine J 3:227–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  428. Zhou S, Liao X, Li X, Deng X, Li H, Controlled J (2003) Release 86:195–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  429. Mehta R, Kumar V, Bhunia H, Upadhyay SN (2005) J Macromol Sci Polym Rev 45:325–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  430. Srivastava RK (2005) Novel methods to synthesize aliphatic polyesters of vivid architectures. Royal institute of technology, Stockholm, Sweden

    Google Scholar 

  431. Bourissou D, Martin-Vaca B, Dumitrescu A, Graullier M, Lacombe F (2005) Macromolecules 38:9993–9998

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  432. Dechy-Cabaret O, Martin-Vaca B, Bourissou D (2004) Chem Rev 104:6147–6176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  433. du Boullay OT, Marchal E, Martin-Vaca B, Cossío FP, Bourissou D (2006) J Am Chem Soc 128:16442–16443

    Google Scholar 

  434. Bourissou D, Moebs-Sanchez S, Martín-Vaca B (2007) C R Chimie 10:775–794

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  435. Kadokawa J, Kobayashi S (2010) Curr Opin Chem Biol 14:145–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  436. Zhao YWZ, Wang J, Mai H, Yan B, Yang F (2004) J Appl Polym Sci 91:2143–2150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  437. Moon SI, Lee CW, Taniguchi I, Miyamoto M, Kimura Y (2001) Polymer 42:5059–5062

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  438. Moon SI, Taniguchi I, Miyamoto M, Kimura Y, Lee CW (2001) High Perform Polym 13:189–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  439. Perego G, Cella GD, Bastioli C (1996) J Appl Polym Sci 59:37–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  440. Kawashima N, Ogawa S, Obuchi S, Matsuo M, Yagi T (2002) In: Doi Y, Steinbüchel A (eds) Biopolymers: polyesters III—applications and commercial products. Wiley-VCH, Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, pp 251–274

  441. Anderson KS, Schreck KM, Hillmyer MA (2008) Polym Rev 48:85–108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  442. Park TG (1995) Biomaterials 16:1123–1130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  443. Li S, McCarthy SP (1999) Biomaterials 20:35–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  444. Grizzi I, Garreau H, Li SM, Vert M (1995) Biomaterials 16:305–311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  445. Iwata T, Doi Y (2001) Sen’i Gakkaishi 57:172–175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  446. Iwata T, Doi Y (1998) Macromolecules 31:2461–2467

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  447. Li S, McCarthy SP (1999) Biomaterials 32:4454–4456

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  448. Reeve MS, McCarthy SP, Downy MJ, Gross RA (1994) Macromolecules 27:825–831

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  449. Tsuji H, Miyauchi S (2001) Biomacromolecules 2:597–604

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  450. Kikkawa Y, Abe H, Iwata T, Inoue Y, Doi Y (2002) Biomacromolecules 3:350–356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  451. Cai Q, Shi G, Bei J, Wang S (2003) Biomaterials 24:629–638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  452. Tsuji H, Miyauchi S (2001) Polymer 42:4463–4467

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  453. Carothers WH, Dorough GL, Natta FJ (1932) J Am Chem Soc 54:761–772

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  454. Sharkawi T, Cornhill F, Lafont A, Sabaria P, Vert M (2007) J Pharm Sci 96:2829–2837

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  455. Kulkarni RK, Moore EG, Hegyeli AF, Leonard F (1971) J Biomed Mater Res 5:169–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  456. Wood DA (1980) Int J Pharm 7:1–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  457. Eling B, Gogolewski S, Pennings AJ (1982) Polymer 23:1587–1593

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  458. Sodergard A, Stolt M (2002) Prog Polym Sci 27:1123–1163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  459. Baratian S, Hall ES, Lin JS, Xu R, Runt J (2001) Macromolecules 34:4857–4864

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  460. Huang J, Lisowski MS, Runt J, Hall ES, Kean RT, Buehler N, Lin JS (1998) Macromolecules 31:2593–2599

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  461. Kanchanasopa M, Manias E, Runt J (2003) Biomacromolecules 4:1203–1213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  462. Tracy MA, Ward KL, Firouzabadian L, Wang Y, Dong N, Qian R, Zhang Y (1999) Biomaterials 20:1057–1062

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  463. Argentieri GJ, Fong JW, Maulding HV, Pearson JE, Robinson RL, Visscher GE (1985) J Biomed Mater Res 19:349–365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  464. Athanasiou KA, Niederauer GG, Agrawal CM (1996) Biomaterials 17:93–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  465. Lu L, Peter SJ, Lyman MD, Lai HL, Leite SM, Tamada JA, Uyama S, Vacanti JP, Langer R, Mikos AG (2000) Biomaterials 21:1837–1845

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  466. Cohn D, Younes H, Maron G (1987) Polymer 28:2018–2022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  467. Zhao J, Yuan X, Cui Y, Ge Q, Yao K (2004) J Appl Polym Sci 91:1676–1684

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  468. Lostoeeo MR, Murphy CA, Cameron JA, Huang SJ (1998) Polym Degrad Stab 59:303–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  469. Hu Y, Jiang X, Ding Y, Zhang L, Yang C, Zhang J, Chen J, Yang Y (2003) Biomaterials 24:2395–2404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  470. Buntner B, Nowak M, Kasperczyk J, Ryba M, Grieb P, Walsk M, Dobrzynski P, Bero M, Controlled J (1998) Release 56:159–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  471. Grijpma DW, Pennings A (1994) J Macromol Chem Phys 195:1633–1647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  472. Kim KS, Chung S, Chin IJ, Kim MN, Yoon JS (1999) J Appl Polym Sci 72:341–348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  473. Lucke A, Texmar J, Schnell E, Schmeer G, Gokpferich A (2000) Biomaterials 21:2361–2370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  474. Jedlinskiz Z, Kurcok P, Walach W, Janeozek H, Radecka L (1993) Macromol Chem 194:1681–1689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  475. Zhu ZX, Xiong CD, Zhang LL, Yuan ML, Deng XM (1995) Eur Polym J 35:1821–1828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  476. Kricheldorf HR, Jochen MH (1993) Macromol Chem 194:715–725

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  477. Li YX, Thomas K, Controlled J (1993) Release 27:247–257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  478. Cerrai P, Tricoli M (1993) Macromol Chem Rapid Commun 14:529–538

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  479. Goraltchouk A, Freier T, Shoichet MS (2005) Biomaterials 26:7555–7563

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  480. Li SM, Rashkov I, Manolova N, Vert M (1996) Macromolecules 29:57–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  481. Younes H, Cohn D (1987) J Biomed Mater Res 21:301–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  482. Rashkov I, Li SM, Espartero JL, Vert M (1996) Macromolecules 29:50–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  483. Qu X, Wirsen A, Albertsson AC (1999) J Appl Polym Sci 74:3186–3192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  484. Yao F, Chen W, Wang H, Liu H, Yao K, Sun P, Lin H (2003) Polymer 44:6435–6441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  485. Liu Y, Tian F, Hu KA (2004) Carbohydr Res 339:845–851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  486. Sébastien F, Stéphane G, Copinet A, Coma V (2006) Carbohydr Polym 65:185–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  487. Wu TM, Wu CY (2006) Polym Degrd Stab 91:2198–2204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  488. Cerral P, Tricoli M, Lelli L, Guerra GD (1994) J Mater Sci Mater Med 5:308–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  489. Huh KM, Bae YH (1999) Polymer 40:6147–6155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  490. Lee SY, Chin IJ, Jung JS (1999) Eur Polym J 35:2147–2153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  491. Otsuka H, Nagasaki Y, Kataoka K (2001) Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 6:3–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  492. Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C (2005) Adv Polym Sci 186:151–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  493. Rinaudo M (2008) Polym Int 57:397–430

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  494. Agboh OC, Qin Y, Polym Y (1997) Adv Technol 8:355–365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  495. Saber A, Strand SP, Ulfendahl M (2010) Eur J Pharm Sci 39:1–3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  496. Sandford PA (1989) Chitin and chitosan. Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp 51–69

  497. Mourya VK, Inamdar NN (2008) React Funct Polym 68:1013–1051

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  498. Kurita K (2006) Mar Biotechnol 8:203–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  499. Singh D, Ray RA (2000) J Macromol Sci Polym Rev 40:69–83

    Google Scholar 

  500. Pillai CKS, Sharma CP (2009) Trends Biomater Artif Organs 23:175–197

    Google Scholar 

  501. Dutta PK, Ravikumar MNV, Dutta J (2002) J Macromol Sci Polym Rev 42:307–354

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  502. Lim SH, Hudson SM (2003) J Macromol Sci Polym Rev 43:223–269

    Google Scholar 

  503. Khor E, Lim LY (2003) Biomaterials 24:2339–2349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  504. Morris VB, Neethu S, Abraham TE, Pillai CKS, Sharma CP, Biomed J (2009) Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 89B:282–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  505. Ravikumar MNV, Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C, Sashiwa H, Domb AJ (2004) Chem Rev 104:6017–6084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  506. Martini AD, Sittinger M, Risbud MV (2005) Biomaterials 26:5983–5990

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  507. Dutta PK, Dutta J, Chattopadhyaya MC, Tripathi VS (2004) J Polym Mater 21:321–333

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  508. Wu Y, Zheng Y, Yang W, Wang C, Hu J, Wu Y, Zheng Y, Yang W, Wang C, Hu J, Fu S (2005) Carbohydr Polym 59:165–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  509. Peesan M, Supaphol P, Rujiravanit R (2005) Carbohydr Polym 60:343–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  510. Wan Y, Wu H, Yu A, Wen D (2006) Biomacromolecules 7:1362–1372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  511. Barrera DA, Zylstra EP, Lansbury T, Langer R (1993) J Am Chem Soc 115:11,010–11,011

    Google Scholar 

  512. Hrkach JS, Ou J, Lotan N, Langer R (1995) Macromolecues 28:4736–4739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  513. Gonsalves KE, Jin S, Baraton MI (1998) Biomaterials 19:1501–1505

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  514. Ouchi T, Miyazaki H, Arimura H, Tasaka F, Hamada A, Ohya Y, Polym J (2002) Sci Part A Polym Chem 40:1218–1225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  515. Wang W, Ping P, Chen X, Jing X (2006) Eur Polym J 42:1240–1249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  516. Simone VD, Maglio G, Palumbo R, Scardi V (1992) J Appl Polym Sci 46:1813–1820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  517. Castaldo L, Corbo P, Maglio G, Palumbo R (1992) Polym Bull 28:301–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  518. Krigbaum WJ, Hakami H, Kolek R (1985) Macromolecules 18:965–973

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  519. Kim PC, Yoo YT, Im SS (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 90:2708–2714

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  520. Qian Z, He Y, Zou Y, Li S, Liu X (2004) Polym Degrad Stab 83:127–132

    Google Scholar 

  521. Qian Z, Li S, He Y, Li C, Liu X (2003) Polym Degrad Stab 81:279–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  522. Qian Z, Li S, He Y, Zhang HL, Li C, Liu XB (2003) Colloid Polym Sci 282:133–140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  523. Qian Z, Li S, He Y, Zhang HL, Liu XB (2003) Colloid Polym Sci 281:869–875

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  524. Qian Z, Li S, Zhang H, Liu X (2004) Biomaterials 25:1975–1981

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  525. Angelo SD, Galletti P, Maglio G, Malinconico M, Morelli P, Palumbo R, Vignola MC (2001) Polymer 42:3383–3392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  526. Luckachan GE, Pillai CKS, Polym J (2006) Sci Part A Polym Chem 44:3250–3260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  527. Kim TK, Yoon JJ, Lee DS, Park TG (2006) Biomaterials 27:152–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  528. Borden M, Attawia M, Khan Y, Laurencin CT (2002) Biomaterials 23:551–559

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  529. Katti DS, Robinson KW, Ko FK, Laurencin CT (2004) J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 70:286–296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  530. Luckachan GE, Pillai CKS (2006) Carbohydr Polym 64:254–266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  531. Vijayakumar J, Aravindan R, Viruthagiri T (2008) Chem Biochem Eng Quart 22:45–264

    Google Scholar 

  532. Wang S, Ma P, Wang R, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zhang Y (2008) Polym Degra Stab 93:1364–1369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  533. Jahno VD, Ribeiro GBM, Dos Santos LA, Ligabue R, Einloft S, Ferreira MRW, Bombonato-Prado KF (2007) J Biomed Mater Res Part A 83:209–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  534. Reddy G, Altaf MD, Naveena BJ, Venkateshwar M, Kumar EV (2008) Biotech Adv 26:22–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  535. Zhang ZY, Jin B, Kelly JM (2007) Biochem Eng J 35:251–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  536. Coraça DC, Duek EAR, Padovani CA, Camilli JA (2008) J Mater Sci Mater Med 19:2699–2704

    Google Scholar 

  537. Petrie C, Tholpady S, Ogle R, Botchwey E, Biomed J (2008) Mater Res B Appl Biomater 85:61–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  538. Cheung H-Y, Lau K-T, Tao X-M, Hui DA (2008) Compos Part B Eng 39:1026–1033

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  539. Lu XL, Cai W, Gao ZY (2008) J Appl Polym Sci 108:1109–1115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  540. Chiu W-M, Chang Y-A, Kuo H-Y, Lin M-H, Wen H-C (2008) J Appl Polym Sci 108:3024–3030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  541. Strange M, Plackett D, Kaasgaard M, Krebs FC (2008) Sol Energ Mat Sol C 92:805–813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  542. Huda MS, Drzal LT, Misra M, Mohanty AK (2006) J Appl Polym Sci 102:4856–4869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  543. Bax B, Müssig J (2008) Compos Sci Technol 68:1601–1607

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  544. Hu R-A, Lim J-K, Kim C-L, Yoon H-C (2007) Key Eng Mat 353–358 (Part 2):1302–1305

  545. Kale G, Auras R, Singh SP, Narayan R (2007) Polym Test 26:1049–1061

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  546. Bhatia A, Gupta RK, Bhattacharya SN, Choi HJ (2007) Korea Aus Rheol J 19:125–131

    Google Scholar 

  547. Anderson KS, Lim SH, Hillmyer MA (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 89:3757–3768

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  548. Choi S-W, Kim Y, Cheong IW, Kim J-H (2008) Macromol Rapid Commun 29:175–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  549. Loh XJ, Tan YX, Li Z, Teo LS, Goh SH, Li J (2008) Biomaterials 29:2164–2172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  550. Sarvestani AS, Xu W, He X, Jabbari E (2007) Polymer48:7113–7120

  551. Clapper JD, Skeie JM, Mullins RF, Guymon CA (2007) Polymer 48:6554–6564

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  552. Kozlowski M, Masirek R, Piorkowska E, Gazicki-Lipman M (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 105:267–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  553. Gao C, Xia Y, Ji Q, Kong Q, Li Q (2006) 57:2237–2240

  554. Tsuji H, Horikawa G (2007) Polym Int 56:258–266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  555. Ghosh S, Viana JC, Reis RL, Mano JF (2007) J Mater Sci Mater Med 18:185–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  556. Sarvestani AS, He X, Jabbari E (2072) Biomacromolecules 8:406–415

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  557. Ohya Y, Nakai T, Nagahama K, Ouchi T, Tanaka S, Kato K (2006) J Bioact Compatib Polym 21:557–577

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  558. Hiemstra C, Zhong Z, Li L, Dijkstra PJ, Feijen J (2006) Biomacromolecules 7:2790–2795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  559. Wu Y, Liu C, Zhao X, Xian J (2008) J Polym Res 15:181–185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  560. Pandey A, Pandey GC, Aswath PB (2008) J Mech Behav Biomed Mat 1:227–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  561. Perego G, Cella GD, Bastioli C (1996) J Appl Polym Sci 59:37–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  562. Gupta B, Revagade N, Hilborn J (2007) Progr Polym Sci(Oxford) 32:455–482

    Google Scholar 

  563. Tiainen J, Veiranto M, Suokas E, Tormala P, Waris T, Ninkoviv M et al (2002) J Craniofac Surg 13:427–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  564. Gunatillake PA, Adhikari R (2003) Eur Cell Mater 5:1–16

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  565. Winzenburg G, Schmidt C, Fuchs S, Kissel T (2004) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56:1453–1466

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  566. Lu HH, Cooper JA, Manuel S, Freeman JW, Attawia MA, Ko FK et al (2005) Biomaterials 26:4805–4816

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  567. Cooper JA, Lu HH, Ko FK, Freeman JW, Laurencin CT (2005) Biomaterials 26:1523–1532

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  568. Zilberman M, Nelson KD, Eberhart RC, Biomed J (2005) Mater Res B Appl Biomater 74:792–799

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  569. Briassoulis D (2004) J Polym Environ 12:65–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  570. Bhardwaj R, Mohanty AK (2007) Ann Tech Conf ANTEC Conf Proc 3:1543–1548

    Google Scholar 

  571. Noda I, Satkowski MM, Dowrey AE, Marcott C (2004) Macromol Biosci 4:269–275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  572. Armentano I, Dottori M, Puglia D, Kenny JM, Mater J (2008) Sci Mater Med 19:2377–2387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  573. Joziasse CAP, Veenstra H, Grijpma DW, Pennings AJ (1996) Macromol Chem Phys 197:2219–2229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  574. Pillin I, Montrelay N, Bourmaud A, Grohens Y (2008) Polym Degra Stab 93:321–328

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  575. Bourissou D, Moebs-Sanchez S, Martín-Vaca B (2007) C R Chimie 10:75–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  576. du Boullay OT, Marchal E, Martin-Vaca B, Cossío FP, Bourissou D (2006) J Am Chem Soc 128:16442–16443

    Google Scholar 

  577. Reddy G, Altaf MD, Naveena BJ, Venkateshwar M, Kumar EV (2008) Biotechnol Adv 6:22–34

    Google Scholar 

  578. Hile DD, Pishko MV, Polym J (2001) Sci Part A Polym Chem 39:562–570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  579. Bratton D, Brown M, Howdle SM (2003) Macromolecules 36:5908–5911

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  580. Tokiwa Y, Ugwu CU (2007) J Biotechnol 132:264–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  581. Naik S, Venugopal SK, Somal P (2008) World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24:2307–2314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  582. Pillai CKS (2010) Des Monomers Polym 13:87–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  583. Tatlari M, Ulven CA, Sailer N, Wiesenborn DP, Tostenson K, Polansky P, Krog A (2006) International SAMPE technical conference, SAMPE fall technical conference: global advances in materials and process engineering dallas, Texas, USA

  584. Flemming H-C (2010) Mater Corros 61:986–992

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  585. Cheung H-Y, Ho M-P, Lau K-T, Cardona F, Hui D (2009) Comp Part B 40:655–663

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  586. Ho M-P, Lau K-T, Wang H, Bhattacharyya D, Comp D (2011) Part B Eng 42:117–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  587. Armentano I, Marinucci L, Dottori M, Balloni S, Fortunati E, Pennacchi M, Becchetti E, Kenny JM (2011) J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 22:541–556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to Ms. Radhika Raveedran for help in the preparation of the Figures.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute for Interdisciplinary Research and Technology (formerly Regional Research Laboratory), CSIR, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, India

    Gisha E. Luckachan & C. K. S. Pillai

Authors
  1. Gisha E. Luckachan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. K. S. Pillai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. K. S. Pillai.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Luckachan, G.E., Pillai, C.K.S. Biodegradable Polymers- A Review on Recent Trends and Emerging Perspectives. J Polym Environ 19, 637–676 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0317-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0317-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation