Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An Iterative Quadrature Demodulation for High-Speed Rail Inspection

  • Published:
Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, an iterative quadrature demodulation algorithm is proposed to process the detected voltage induced in the differential triple coils from online rail inspection at a speed from 30 to 300 km/h. Considering that the average filter has the advantage of simplicity and high suppression in the zero-point frequency, this paper theoretically discusses the moving average filter, the linear accumulative average, and the weighted average filter (WAF) inside the quadrature demodulation algorithm. It is obtained that the WAF as a low-pass filter (LPF) can improve the demodulation’s accuracy and reduce computational cost. Also, numerical simulation is carried out to analyze the effects of the weighted average coefficients on demodulation compared with other LPFs. Finally, the experimental platform for high-speed rail inspection is carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed demodulation algorithm up to 300 km/h. By processing experimental data, it is demonstrated that the iterative quadrature demodulation algorithm has better performance in both accuracy and response at a high speed of over 300 km/h.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Not applicable.

References

  1. Bocciolone, M., Caprioli, A., Cigada, A., Collina, A.: A measurement system for quick rail inspection and effective track maintenance strategy. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 21(3), 1242–1254 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Thomas, H.M., Heckel, T., Hanspach, G.: Advantage of a combined ultrasonic and eddy current examination for railway inspection trains. Insight Non-Destruct. Test. Condition Monit. 49(6), 341–344 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Papaelias, M.P., Roberts, C., Davis, C.L.: A review on nondestructive evaluation of rails: state-of-the-art and future development. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. F J. Rail Rapid Transit 222(4), 367–384 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Liu, Z., Koffman, A.D., Waltrip, B.C., Wang, Y.: Eddy current rail inspection using ac bridge techniques. J. Res. Natl Inst. Stand. Technol. 118, 140–149 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Liu, Z., Li, W., Xue, F., Xiafang, J., Bu, B., Yi, Z.: Electromagnetic tomography rail defect inspection. IEEE Trans. Magn. 51(10), 1–7 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. He, M., Li, W., Zheng, W., Qi, G.: Study on a combined NDT method based on ACFM and eddy current thermography. Nondestruct. Test. Eval. 34(2), 1–17 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kahrobaee, S., Akhlaghi, I.A., Davis, C., Zhou, L.: Detection of decarburising depth in Hadfield steels using a multi-magnetic NDE method. Nondestruct. Test. Eval. 37(4), 482–494 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Park, J.W., Lee, T.G., Back, I.C., Park, S.J., Seo, J.M., Choi, W.J., Kwon, S.G.: Rail surface defect detection and analysis using multi-channel eddy current method based algorithm for defect evaluation. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 40(83), 1–12 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Zhu, J., Mao, Z., Wu, D., Zhou, J., Jiao, D., Shi, W., Zhu, W., Liu, Z.: Progress and trends in non-destructive testing for thermal barrier coatings based on infrared thermography: a review. J. Nondestruct. Eval. 41(49), 1–26 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Blair, D.P., Sydenham, P.H.: Phase sensitive detection as a means to recover signals buried in noise. J. Phys. E Sci. Instrum. 8(8), 621–627 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Liu, Z., Zhu, L., Koffman, A., Waltrip, B.C., Wang, Y.: Digital lock-in amplifier for precision audio frequency bridge. In: Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), pp. 586–587 (2012)

  12. Albertini, A., Kleemann, W.: Analogue and digital lock-in techniques for very-low-frequency impedance spectroscopy. Meas. Sci. Technol. 8(6), 666–672 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Chen, W.D., Yang Pan, M.: Design of impedance measuring circuits based on phase-sensitive demodulation technique. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 60(4), 1276–1282 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Giuseppe, G.A., Meola, B.C., Antonino, S.A.: The use of lock-in thermography in industrial applications. Nondestruct. Test. Eval. 16(1), 15–29 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Masciotti, J.M., Lasker, J.M., Hielscher, A.H.: Digital lock-in detection for discriminating multiple modulation frequencies with high accuracy and computational efficiency. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 57(1), 182–189 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Cui, Z., Wang, H., Chen, Z., Xu, Y., Yang, W.: A high-performance digital system for electrical capacitance tomography. Meas. Sci. Technol. 22(5), 055503 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Zheng, D., Zhang, S., Shuai, W., Hu, C., Zhao, X.: A capacitive rotary encoder based on quadrature modulation and demodulation. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 64(1), 143–153 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Sun, S., Xu, L., Zhang, C., Huang, A., Yang, W.: Digital recursive demodulator based on Kalman filter. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 66(12), 3138–3147 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Angrisani, L., Moriello, R.: Estimating ultrasonic time-of-flight through quadrature demodulation. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 55(1), 54–62 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Yin, W., Chen, G., Chen, L., Wang, B.: The digital magnetic induction tomography (MIT) system for metallic object imaging based on half cycle demodulation. IEEE Sens. J. 11(10), 2233–2240 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Li, Y., Liu, Z., Zhao, P., Huo, J., Lin, Y.: Optimal design for digital phase-locked demodulator. J. Beijing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut. 45(2), 299–308 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Li, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, X., Zhao, P., Liu, T.: High-speed electromagnetic train wheel inspection using a Kalman-model-based demodulation algorithm. IEEE Sens. J. 19(16), 6833–6843 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Vainio, O.: Minimum-phase FIR filters for delay-constrained noise reduction. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 48(6), 1100–1102 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Li, Y., Liu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, Y., Liu, Z.: A Kalman-based phase-locked demodulation for electromagnetic acoustic transducer. In: 2020 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC) (2020)

  25. Liu, Z., Wei, J., Zhu, L., Zhang, X.: Rail defect inspection using alternating current excitation coils with digital demodulation algorithm. In: IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (2011)

Download references

Funding

This work was supported in part by Research Start-up Foundation of Fujian Police College, in part by Scientific and Technological Research Project in Henan Province under Grant 222102210057 and 212102210620, in part by Doctoral Research Fund under Grant 2020BSJJ006, in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61771041.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Ze Liu, Pengfei Zhao, Xianglong Liu, and Chaoying Yin have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Public Security Department, Fujian Police College, No. 59 Shoushan Road, Fuzhou, 350007, Fujian, China

    Yong Li

  2. School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, No.3 Shangyuancun, Beijing, 100044, Beijing, China

    Ze Liu & Pengfei Zhao

  3. College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136 Ke Xue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China

    Xianglong Liu

  4. College of Automobile and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China

    Chaoying Yin

Authors
  1. Yong Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ze Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pengfei Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xianglong Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Chaoying Yin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

YL and ZL wrote the main manuscript text, PZ prepared all figures, XL prepared all tables, and CY checked the grammar. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yong Li.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Ethical Approval

Not applicable.

Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, Y., Liu, Z., Zhao, P. et al. An Iterative Quadrature Demodulation for High-Speed Rail Inspection. J Nondestruct Eval 42, 16 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-023-00931-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-023-00931-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation