Skip to main content

Application of Ultrasonic Coda Wave Interferometry for Micro-cracks Monitoring in Woven Fabric Composites

Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation volume 38, Article number: 26 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

The consequences of a four-point bending test, up to 12 mm, are examined by emitting 1 MHz ultrasonic guided waves in woven carbon fiber reinforced polymer specimens, using coda wave interferometry (CWI), revealing a potential use for nondestructive evaluation. It is known that CWI is more sensitive to realistic damage than the conventional method based on the first arriving time of flight in geophysical, or in civil engineering applications such as concrete structures. However, in composite materials CWI is not well established because of the involved structural complexity. In this paper, CWI is investigated for monitoring the occurrence of realistic defects such as micro-cracks in a woven carbon fiber composite plate. The micro-cracks are generated by a four-point bending test. The damage state is stepwise enhanced by gradually increasing the load level, until failure initiation. The damage is monitored, after each loading, using ultrasound. It is demonstrated that CWI is a powerful tool to detect damage, even low levels, in the sample. Two damage indicators based on CWI, i.e. signals correlation coefficient and relative velocity change, are investigated and appear to be complimentary. Under significant loading levels, the normalized cross-correlation coefficient between the waveforms recorded in the damaged and in the healthy sample (reference at 0 mm), decreases sharply; this first indicator is therefore useful for severe damage detection. It is also demonstrated, by means of a second indicator, that the relative velocity change between a baseline signal taken at zero loading, and the signals taken at various loadings, is linear as a function of the loading, until a critical level is reached; therefore this second indicator, is useful for low damage level detection. The obtained evolution of the relative velocity measurement is supported by relative comparison to the evolution of the bending modulus in function of displacement. The relative velocity change exhibits the same evolution as the bending modulus with loading. It could be used to indicate when the material stiffness has decreased significantly. The research is done in the framework of composite manufacturing quality control and appears to be a promising inspection technique.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

References

  1. Malpot, A., Touchard, F., Bergamo, S.: Effect of relative humidity on mechanical properties of a woven thermoplastic composite for automotive application. Polym. Test. 48, 160–168 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Pomarède, P., Meraghni, F., Peltier, L., Delalande, S., Declercq, N.F.: Damage evaluation in woven glass reinforced polyamide 6.6/6 composites using ultrasound phase-shift analysis and X-ray tomography. J. Nondestruct. Eval. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0467-3

  3. Eckel, S., Meraghni, F., Pomarède, P., Declercq, N.F.: Investigation of damage in composites using nondestructive nonlinear acoustic spectroscopy. Exp. Mech. 57(2), 207–217 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Yaacoubi, S., Chehami, L., Aouini, M., Declercq, N.F.: Ultrasonic guided waves for reinforced plastics safety. Reinf. Plast. 61, 87–91 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Cole, W.F., Armstrong, K.B., Bevan, L.G.: Care and Repair of Advanced Composites. SAE International, Warrendale (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Dong, J., Kim, B., Locquet, A., McKeon, P., Declercq, N., Citrin, D.S.: Nondestructive evaluation of forced delamination in glass fiber-reinforced composites by terahertz and ultrasonic waves. Composites B 79, 667–675 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Gholizadeh, S.: A review of non-destructive testing methods of composite materials. Procedia Struct. Integr. 1, 50–57 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Marguères, P., Meraghni, F., Benzeggagh, M.L.: Comparison of stiffness measurements and damage investigation techniques for a fatigued and post-impact fatigued GFRP composite obtained by RTM process. Composites A 31(2), 151–163 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Marguères, P., Meraghni, F.: Damage induced anisotropy and stiffness reduction evaluation in composite materials using ultrasonic wave transmission. Composites A 45, 134–144 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Snieder, R.: The theory of coda wave interferometry. Pure Appl. Geophys. 163(2–3), 455–473 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Benward, B., Saker, M.: Music in Theory and Practice, vol. II. McGraw-Hill Education, New York (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Poupinet, G., Ellsworth, W.L., Frechet, J.: Monitoring velocity variations in the crust using earthquake doublets: an application to the Calveras Fault, California. J. Geophys. Res. 89(B7), 5719–5731 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Frjd, P., Ulriksen, P.: Amplitude and phase measurements of continuous diffuse fields for structural health monitoring of concrete structures. NDT & E Int. 77, 35–41 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Becker, J., Jacobs, L.J., Qu, J.: Characterization of cement-based materials using diffuse ultrasound. J. Eng. Mech. 129(12), 1478–1484 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Aki, K., Chouet, B.: Origin of coda waves: source, attenuation, and scattering effects. J. Geophys. Res. 80(23), 3322–3342 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Sthler, S.C., Sens-Schnfelder, C., Niederleithinger, E.: Monitoring stress changes in a concrete bridge with coda wave interferometry. J. Acoustical Soc. Am. 129(4), 1945–1952 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhu, Q., Binetruy, C., Burtin, C.: Internal stress determination in a polymer composite by coda wave interferometry. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 137, 012040 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang, Y., Abraham, O., Tournat, V., Le Duff, A., Lascoup, B., Loukili, A., Grondin, F., Durand, O.: Validation of a thermal bias control technique for coda wave interferometry (CWI). Ultrasonics 53(3), 658–664 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Livings, R., Dayal, V., Barnard, D.: Coda wave interferometry for the measurement of thermally induced ultrasonic velocity variations in CFRP laminates. AIP Conf. Proc. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940588

  20. Salkind, M.: Fatigue of composites. In: Composites Materials: Testing and Design (Second Conference), pp. 143–169. ASTM International (1972)

  21. Jin, L., Niu, Z., Jin, B.C., Sun, B., Gu, B.: Comparisons of static bending and fatigue damage between 3D angle-interlock and 3D orthogonal woven composites. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 31(14), 935–945 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Karayaka, M., Kurath, P.: Deformation and failure behavior of woven composite laminates. J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 116(2), 222 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Michaels, J.E., Michaels, T.E.: Detection of structural damage from the local temporal coherence of diffuse ultrasonic signals. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 52(10), 1769–1782 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lobkis, O., Weaver, R.: Coda-wave interferometry in finite solids: recovery of p-to-s conversion rates in an elastodynamic billiard. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(25), 254302-1(4) (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Larose, E., Hall, S.: Monitoring stress related velocity variation in concrete with a \(2\times 10^{-5}\) relative resolution using diffuse ultrasound. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125(4), 1853–1856 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang, Y.: Controle de santé des matériaux et des structures par analyse de la coda ultrasonore. PhD Thesis, Université de Maine (2013)

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Vincent Tournat for his scientific discussions. This work is supported by the Région Grand Est.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Arts et Métiers ParisTech, LEM3 UMR CNRS 7239, 4 Rue Augustin Fresnel, 57078, Metz, France

    Pascal Pomarède & Fodil Meraghni

  2. Georgia Tech-CNRS UMI 2958, Georgia Tech Lorraine, 2 rue Marconi, 57070, Metz, France

    Pascal Pomarède, Lynda Chehami, Nico F. Declercq, Fodil Meraghni, Junliang Dong, Alexandre Locquet & D. S. Citrin

  3. G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA

    Lynda Chehami & Nico F. Declercq

  4. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA

    Junliang Dong, Alexandre Locquet & D. S. Citrin

Authors
  1. Pascal Pomarède
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lynda Chehami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nico F. Declercq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Fodil Meraghni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Junliang Dong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Alexandre Locquet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. D. S. Citrin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pascal Pomarède.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pomarède, P., Chehami, L., Declercq, N.F. et al. Application of Ultrasonic Coda Wave Interferometry for Micro-cracks Monitoring in Woven Fabric Composites. J Nondestruct Eval 38, 26 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-019-0563-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-019-0563-z

Keywords

  • Coda wave
  • Non-destructive evaluation
  • Composite materials
  • Ultrasonic waves