Abstract
The utility of those waves propagating over a distance, called “guided waves,” provides abundant technical advantages in a variety of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) applications. In recent years, the field has rapidly grown as one of the most noticeable subjects in the NDE community, from not only the academic but also the practical standpoint, representing promising technological transfer. A number of commercialized inspection units and techniques are already available on the market. However, the principle of guided waves physics, which is crucial for proper usage and subsequent data analysis of the equipments has not been fully elucidated for field NDE engineers, and has mainly been set out for the purpose of simplifying the operation scheme. A simplified operation manual is necessary to bolster the market, but is quite often not sufficient to conduct the mission adequately. Do NDE engineers no longer need to understand guided wave physics? The knowledge on guided wave physics and advanced softwares are battling against the challenging task to turn the technique from magic to a reliable engineering tool. In this sense, the guided wave NDE technique now requires us to establish a firmer physical foundation, whereby its sophisticated features are understood, to enrich utility and correct the improper usage of field data; meanwhile, the instrumentation is rapidly being upgraded with more advanced functions. In this paper, the importance of a physical understanding of the characteristics of guided wave NDE is firstly addressed. Guided wave models can enhance NDE performance and alleviate the likelihood of a false call. Scattering of surface waves by a two-dimensional corrosion pit at the surface of a homogenous, isotropic, linearly elastic half-space is theoretically investigated in Sect. “A Guided Wave Measurement Model for Scattering of Surface Waves by a Corrosion Pit Based on the Use of the Elastodynamic Reciprocity”. In Sect. “Model-Based Visualization of Defects Using Tomography”, guided wave tomographic imaging of plate-like structures is presented using a probabilistic algorithm. Section “The Model-Based Guided Wave Focusing Technique to Improve Sensitivity” shows that the guided wave focusing technique can be used to focus energy in both the circumferential and axial directions in pipes. The unique nonlinear features among different guided wave modes, which can be used to choose a proper mode with better sensitivity for micro-damage detection, are reported in Sect. “Model-Based Nonlinear Guided Wave Techniques for Micro-Damage Detection”.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achenbach, J.D.: Wave Propagation in Elastic Solids. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam (1973)
Ewing, W.M., Jardetzky, W.S., Press, F.: Elastic Waves in Layered Media. McGraw-Hill, New York (1957)
Graff, K.F.: Wave Motion in Elastic Solids. Ohio State University Press, Ohio (1975)
Achenbach, J.D.: Reciprocity in Elastodynamics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003)
Phan, H., Cho, Y., Achenbach, J.D.: A theoretical study on scattering of surface waves by a cavity using the reciprocity theorem. In: NDTMS Conf., Istanbul, Turkey (2011)
Arias, I., Achenbach, J.D.: Rayleigh wave correction for the BEM analysis of two-dimensional elastodynamic problems in a half-space. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 60, 2131–2146 (2004)
Cho, Y., Rose, J.L.: An elastodynamic hybrid boundary element study for elastic guided wave interactions with a surface breaking defect. Int. J. Solids Struct. 37, 4103–4124 (2000)
Velsor, J.K., Gao, H., Rose, J.L.: Guided-wave tomographic imaging of defects in pipe using a probabilistic reconstruction algorithm. Insight 49, 532–537 (2007)
Wang, C.H., Rose, J.T., Chang, F.: A synthetic time reversal imaging method for structural health monitoring. Smart Mater. Struct. 13, 415–423 (2007)
Michaels, J.E., Croxford, A.J., Wilcox, P.D.: Imaging algorithms for locating damage via in situ ultrasonic sensors. In: IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, Atlanta, GA, pp. 63–67 (2008)
Croxford, A.J., Wilcox, P.D., Drinkwater, B.W.: Guided wave SHM with a distributed sensor network. Proc. SPIE 6935, 69350E, (2008)
Michaels, J.E., Michaels, T.E.: Damage location in inhomogeneous plates using a sparse array of ultrasonic transducers. In: Thompson, D.O., Chimenti, D.E. (eds.) Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, vol. 26A, pp. 846–853 (2007)
Albiruni, F., Cho, Y., Lee, J.Y., Ahn, B.Y.: Non-contact guided waves tomographic imaging of plate-like structures using a probabilistic algorithm. Mater. Trans. 53, 330–336 (2012)
Lee, J., Cho, Y., Achenbach, J.D.: The theoretical investigation of phased array guided waves. J. Kor. Soc. NDT 31, 367–373 (2011)
Luo, W., Rose, J.L.: Phase array focusing with guided waves in a viscoelastic coated hollow cylinder. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121, 1945–1955 (2007)
Rose, J.L.: Guided wave nuances for ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation. Ultrasonics 47, 575–583 (2000)
Li, J., Rose, J.L.: Implementing guided wave mode control by use if a phased transducer array. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 48, 761–768 (2001)
Herrmann, J., Kim, J.-Y., Jacobs, L.J., Qu, J.: Assessment of material damage in a nickel-based super-alloy using nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves. J. Appl. Phys. 99, 124913 (2006)
Cantrell, J.H., Yost, W.T.: Nonlinear ultrasonic characterization of fatigue microstructures. Int. J. Fatigue 23, 487–490 (2001)
Deng, M.: Analysis of second-harmonic generation of Lamb modes using a modal analysis approach. J. Appl. Phys. 94, 4152–4159 (2003)
Mendelsohn, D.A., Achenbach, J.D., Keer, L.M.: Scattering of elastic waves by a surface-breaking crack. Wave Motion 2, 277–292 (1980)
Auld, B.A.: General electromechanical reciprocity relations applied to the calculation of elastic wave scattering coefficients. Wave Motion 1, 3–10 (1979)
Hassan, W., Veronesi, W.: Finite element analysis of Rayleigh wave interaction with finite-size, surface-breaking cracks. Ultrasonics 41, 41–52 (2003)
Tuan, H.S., Li, C.M.: Rayleigh wave reflection from groove and step discontinuities. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 1212–1217 (1974)
Simons, D.A.: Reflection of Rayleigh waves by strips, grooves, and periodic arrays of strips or grooves. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 1292–1301 (1978)
Koeaohev, V.V., Lokhov, Y.N., Chukov, V.N.: On the theory of scattering the Rayleigh surface acoustic wave by a two-dimensional statistical roughness of a free solid surface. Solid State Commun. 73, 535–539 (1990)
Moreau, L., Castaings, M.: Scattering of Lamb waves by a complex shaped defect in an isotropic plate. AIP Conf. Proc. 975, 62–69 (2007)
Hao, S., Strom, B., Gordon, G., Krishnaswamy, S., Achenbach, J.D.: Scattering of the lowest Lamb modes by a corrosion pit. Proc. SPIE 7984 (2011). doi:10.1117/12.880534
Michaels, J.E.: Effectiveness of in situ damage localization methods using sparse ultrasonic sensor arrays. Proc. SPIE 6935, 35 (2008)
Gao, H., Yan, F., Rose, J.L., Zhao, X., Kwan, C., Agarwala, V.: Ultrasonic guided wave tomography in structural health monitoring of an aging aircraft wing. In: ASNT Proc., pp. 412–415 (2005)
Kim, D., Lee, J.Y., Cho, Y., Achenbach, J.D.: Evaluation of corrosion in carbon steel pipes by laser-generated guided wave. In: IUTAM Symposium on Recent Advances of Acoustic Waves in Solids, Taipei, vol. 26, pp. 87–94 (2010)
Lowe, M.J.S., Alleyne, D.N., Cawley, P.: Defect detection in pipes using guided waves. Ultrasonics 36, 147–154 (1998)
Alleyne, D.N., Vogt, T., Cawley, P.: The choice of torsional or longitudinal excitation in guided wave pipe inspection. Insight 51, 373–377 (2009)
Kwun, H., Chris, P.D.: Long-range guided wave inspection of pipe using magnetostrictive sensor technology: the feasibility of defect characterization. Proc. SPIE 3398, 28 (1998)
Barshinger, J., Rose, J.L., Avioli, M.J.: Guided wave resonance tuning for pipe inspection. J. Press. Vessel Technol. 124, 303–311 (2002)
Zhuang, W., Shah, A.H., Datta, S.K.: Axisymmetric guided wave scattering by cracks in welded steel pipes. J. Press. Vessel Technol. 119, 401–407 (1997)
Hay, T.R., Rose, J.L.: Flexible PVDF comb transducers for excitation of axisymmetric guided waves in pipe. Sens. Actuators A, Phys. 100, 18–23 (2002)
Li, J., Rose, J.L.: Excitation and propagation of non-axisymmetric guided waves in a hollow cylinder. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 457–464 (2001)
Hayashi, T., Murase, M.: Defect imaging with guided waves in a pipe. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 2134–2140 (2005)
Barshinger, J., Rose, J.L.: Guided wave propagation in an elastic hollow cylinder coated with a viscoelastic material. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 51, 1547–1556 (2004)
Bermes, C., Kim, J.-Y., Qu, J., Jacobs, L.J.: Nonlinear Lamb waves for the detection of material nonlinearity. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 22, 638–646 (2008)
Rose, J.L.: Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999)
Alleyne, D.N., Cawley, P.: The interaction of Lamb wave with defects. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 3, 81–97 (1992)
Norris, A.N.: In: Hamilton, M.F. (ed.) Nonlinear Acoustics, New York (1998)
Liu, M., Kim, K.-Y., Jacobs, L.J., Qu, J.: Experimental study of nonlinear Rayleigh wave propagation in shot-peened aluminum plates-feasibility of measuring residual stress. NDT E Int. 44, 67–74 (2011)
Rose, J.L.: Ultrasonic guided waves in structural health monitoring. Key Eng. Mater. 270, 14–21 (2004)
Love, M., Alleyne, D.N., Cawley, P.: Defect detection in pipes using guided waves. Ultrasonics 36, 147–154 (1998)
Deng, M.: Accumulative second harmonic generation of Lamb mode propagation in a solid plate. J. Appl. Phys. 85, 3051–3058 (1999)
de Lima, W.J.N., Hamilton, M.F.: Finite-amplitude waves in isotropic elastic plates. J. Sound Vib. 265, 819–839 (2003)
Srivastave, A., di Scalea, F.L.: On the existence of anti-symmetric or symmetric Lamb waves at nonlinear higher harmonics. J. Sound Vib. 323, 932–943 (2009)
Deng, M., Pei, J.: Assessment of accumulated fatigue damage in solid plates using nonlinear Lamb wave approach. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 121902 (2007)
Pruell, C., Kim, J.Y., Qu, J., Jacobs, L.J.: A nonlinear-guided wave technique for evaluating plasticity-driven material damage in metal plate. NDT E Int. 42, 199–203 (2008)
Auld, B.A.: Acoustic Fields and Waves in Solids, vols. I and II. Wiley, London (1990)
Li, W., Cho, Y., Achenbach, J.D.: Detection of thermal fatigue in composites by second harmonic Lamb waves. Smart Mater. Struct. 21, 085019 (2012)
Mu, J., Zhang, L., Rose, J.L., Spanner, J.: Defect sizing in pipe using an ultrasonic guided wave focusing technique. In: Thompson, D.O., Chimenti, D.E. (eds.) Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, vol. 820, pp. 760–766 (2006)
Mu, J., Rose, J.L.: Long range ultrasonic guided wave focusing in pipe using a phased-array system. In: Thompson, D.O., Chimenti, D.E. (eds.) Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, vol. 894, pp. 158–162 (2007)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2011-0020812). I would like to express our gratitude to Professor J.D. Achenbach at Northwestern University and Professor J.L. Rose at Pennsylvania State University, U.S., for his invaluable advice and time to this work. I want to give thanks to Weibin Li, Haidang Phan, Bongjae Sheen, Taeho Ju, Jaesun Lee for supporting this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Article note: the 18th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (WCNDT) in Durban during April 2012.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cho, Y. Model-Based Guided Wave NDE: The Evolution of Guided Wave NDE from “Magic” to “Physically Based Engineering Tool”. J Nondestruct Eval 31, 324–338 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-012-0151-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-012-0151-y