Abstract
The aim of the present research was to analyze the autonomic response in a group of trained swimmers before and after conducting a 4-week period of high-intensity interval training (HIT). Heart rate variability was analyzed in 14 swimmers (16.2 ± 2.6 years, 169.1 ± 10.2 cm and 61.3 ± 9.9 kg) in basal condition and during a HIT session before and after completing a training period. The HIT session that was evaluated consisted of: 16 × 25 m maximum speed, resting 30 s between sets. Participants combined aerobic training with tethered swimming and HIT sessions three times per week in a period of 4 weeks. Results showed a significantly decrease (p < 0.05) of the standard deviation of the NN intervals (SDNN), the standard deviation of differences between adjacent NN intervals (SDSD), the number of successive difference of intervals which differ by more than 50 ms (NN50), after the training period. Results showed a higher parasympathetic activation besides improvements in autonomic adaptation after HIT training period.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Billat, V.L., Bocquet, V., Slawinski, J., et al., Intermittent running at vVO2max allows to sustain a longer time at VO2max that severe continuous submaximal run. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31(5), 1999 Supplement abstract 275.
Trapp, G., Boutcher, Y.N., and Boutcher, S.H., Oxygen uptake response to high intensity intermittent cycle exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36(5), 2004 Suppl 1900.
Tabata, I., Irisawa, K., Kouzaki, M., et al., Metabolic profile of high intensity intermittent exercises. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29:390–395, 1997.
Clemente-Suarez, V.J., Periodized training archive better autonomic modulation and aerobic performance than non periodized training. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness., 2017. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07582-X.
Clemente-Suárez, V.J., and Arroyo-Toledo, J.J., Use of biotechnology devices to analyse fatigue process in swimming training. J. Med. Syst. 41(6):94, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-017-0741-4.
Laursen, P., Blanchard, M., and Jenkins, D., Acute high-intensity interval training improves Tvent and peak power output in highly trained males. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 27(4):336–348, 2002.
Astrand, I., Astrand, P.O., Christensen, E.H., et al., Intermittent muscular work. Ac. Physiol. Scan. 48:448–453, 1960.
Christensen, E.H., Hedman, R., and Saltin, B., Intermittent and continuous running. Ac. Physiol. Scan. 50:269–286, 1960.
Warbuton, D., McKenzie, D., Haykowsky, M., Taylor, A., Shoemaker, P., Ignaszewski, A., and Chan, S., Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 95:1080–1084, 2005.
Arroyo-Toledo, J.J., Clemente, J.V., and González-Rave, J.M., The effects of ten weeks block and reverse periodization training on swimming performance and body composition of moderately trained female swimmers. J. Swim. Res. 21:1, 2013.
Gibala, M., Little, J.P., Van Essen, M., Wilkin, G.P., Burgomaster, K.A., Safdar, A., Raha, S., and Tarnopolsky, M., Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: Similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J. Physiol. 575(3):901–911, 2006.
Terada, S., Tabatat, I., and Higuchi, M., Effect of high-intensity intermittent swimming training on fatty acid oxidation enzyme activity in rat skeletal muscle. Jap. J. Physiol. 54(1):42–52, 2004.
Terada, S., Yokozeki, T., Kawanaka, K., Ogawa, K., Higuchi, M., Ezaki, O., and Tabata, I., Effects of high-intensity swimming training on GLUT-4 and glucose transport activity in rat skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 90:2019–2024, 2001.
Yeater, R.A., Bruce Martin, R., White, M.K., and Gilson, K.H., Tethered swimming forces in the crawl, breast and back strokes and their relationship to competitive performance. J. Biomech. 14(8):527–537, 1981.
Padilla, S., Mujika, I., Orbañanos, J., Santiesteban, J., Angulo, F., and Goiriena, J.J., Exercise intensity and load during mass-start stage races in professional road cycling. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33:796–802, 2001.
Clemente-Suárez, V.J., The application of cortical arousal assessment to control neuromuscular fatigue during strength training. J. Mot. Behav. 49(4):429–434, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2016.1241741.
Clemente-Suarez, V.J., and Arroyo-Toledo, J.J., Traditional periodization upgrade sport performance and heart rate variability of experienced triathletes. Imp. J. Interdiscip. Res. 3(6):750–755, 2017.
Waldeck, M., and Lambert, M., Heart rate during sleep: Implications for monitoring training status. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2:133–138, 2003.
Tulppo, M.P., Hautala, A.J., Mäkikallio, T.H., Laukkanen, R.T., Nissilä, S., Hughson, R.L., and Huikuri, H.V., Effects of aerobic training on heart rate dynamics in sedentary subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 95:364–372, 2003.
Clemente-Suárez, V.J., Fernandes, R.J., Arroyo-Toledo, J.J., Figueiredo, P., González-Ravé, J.M., and Vilas-Boas, J.P., Autonomic adaptation after traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations. Acta Physiol. Hung. 102(1):105–113, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1556/APhysiol.102.2015.1.11.
Sandercock, G.R., Bromley, P.D., and Brodie, D.A., Effects of exercise on heart rate variability: Inferences from meta-analysis. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37:433–439, 2005.
Yamamoto, K., Miyachi, M., Saitoh, T., Yoshioka, A., and Onodera, S., Effects of endurance training on resting and post-exercise cardiac autonomic control. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33:1496–1502, 2001.
Clemente-Suárez, V.J., Dalamitros, A., Ribeiro, J., Sousa, A., Fernandes, R.J., and Vilas-Boas, J.P., The effects of two different swimming training periodization on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities. Eur J Sport Sci. 17(4):425–432, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1253775.
Newton, R.U., and Kraemer, W.J., Developing explosive muscular power: Implications for a mixed methods training strategy. Strength Cond. J. 10:20–31, 1994.
Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Heart rate variability; standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation. 93:1043–1065, 1996.
Hamlin, M.J., Manimmanakorn, A., Sandercock, G.R., Ross, J.J., Creasy, R.H., and Hellemans, J., Heart rate variability in responders and non-responders to live-moderate, train-low altitude training. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. 77:936–940, 2011.
Clemente-Suárez, V.J., Robles-Pérez, J.J., and Fernández-Lucas, J., Psycho-physiological response in an automatic parachute jump. J. Sports Sci. 35(19):1872–1878, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1240878.
Hopkins, W.G., Hawley, J.A., and Burke, L.M., Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31:472–485, 1999.
Kaikkonen, P., Hynynen, E., Mann, T., Rusko, H., and Nummela, A., Heart rate variability is related to training load variables in interval running exercises. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 112:829–838, 2007.
Pichot, V., Roche, F., Gaspoz, J.M., Enjolras, F., Antoniadis, A., Minini, P., Costes, F., Busso, T., Lacour, R., and Barthelemy, J.C., Relation between heart rate variability and training load in middle-distance runners. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32(10):1729–1736, 2000.
Melanson, E.L., and Freedson, P.S., The effect of endurance training on resting heart rate variability in sedentary adult males. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 85:442–449, 2001.
Furlan, R., Piazza, S., Dell'Orto, S., Gentile, E., Cerutti, S., Pagani, M., and Malliani, A., Early and late effects of exercise and athletic training on neural mechanisms controlling heart rate. Cardiovasc. Res. 27(3):482–488, 1993.
Sant’Ana, J., Pereira, M., Dias, V., Dambrós, C., Costa-Neto, C., and Souza, H., Effect of the duration of daily aerobic physical training on cardiac autonomic adaptations. Autonomic Neuroscience. Basic Clin. 159:32–37, 2011.
Kiviniemi, A.M., Hautala, A.J., Kinnunen, H., and Tulppo, M.P., Endurance training guided individually by daily heart rate variablity measurements. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 101:743–751, 2007.
Cornelisen, V., Verheyden, B., Aubert, A., and Fagard, R., Effects of aerobic training intensity on resting, exercise and post-exercise blood pressure, heart rate and heart rate variability. J. Hum. Hypertens. 24:175–182, 2010.
Hyninen, E., Vesterinen, V., Rusko, H., and Nummela, A., Effects of moderate and heavy endurance exercise on nocturnal HRV. Int. J. Sports Med. 31:428–432, 2010.
Uusitalo, A., Uusitalo, J., and Rusko, H., Endurance training, overtraining and baroreflex ensitivity in female athletes. Clin. Physiol. 18(6):510–520, 1998.
Plews, D., Laursen, P., Kilding, A., and Buchheit, M., Heart rate variability in elite triathletes, is variation in variability the key to effective training? A case comparison. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2354-4.
Clemente-Suarez, V.J., and González-Ravé, J.M., Four weeks of training with different aerobic workload distributions–effect on aerobic performance. Eur J Sport Sci. 14(sup1):S1–S7, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.635708.
Clemente-Suárez, V.J., González-Ravé, J.M., and Navarro-Valdivielso, F., Short-term periodized aerobic training does not attenuate strength capacity or jump performance in recreational endurance athletes. Acta Physiol. Hung. 101(2):185–196, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1556/APhysiol.101.2014.002.
Clemente-Suarez, V.J., Changes in biochemical, strength, flexibility, and aerobic capacity parameters after a 1700 km ultraendurance cycling race. Bio Med. Res. Int., 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/602620.
Ramos-Campo, D.J., Martínez Sánchez, F., García, P.E., Rubio Arias, J.Á., Cerezal, A.B., Clemente-Suarez, V.J., and Jiménez Díaz, J.F., Body composition features in different playing position of professional team indoor players: Basketball, handball and futsal. Int. J. Morphol. 32(4), 2014.
Clemente-Suárez, V. J. Psychophysiological response and energy balance during a 14-h ultraendurance mountain running event. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 2014; 40(3), 269–273. doi: https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0263.
González-Ravé, J.M., Juárez, D., Rubio-Arias, J.A., Clemente-Suarez, V.J., Martinez-Valencia, M.A., and Abian-Vicen, J., Isokinetic leg strength and power in elite handball players. J. Hum. Kinet. 41(1):227–233, 2014. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0050.
Suarez, V.C., Valdivielso, F.N., and Rave, J.M.G., Changes in biochemical parameters after a 20-hour ultra-endurance kayak and cycling event. Int. Sport Med. J. 12(1):1–6, 2011.
Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Calleja-González, J., Clemente-Suárez, V.J., and Zourdos, M.C., Influence of anthropometric profile on physical performance in elite female volleyballers in relation to playing position. Nutr. Hosp. 31(2), 2015. https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.31.2.7658.
González-Ravé, J.M., Arija, A., and Clemente-Suarez, V., Seasonal changes in jump performance and body composition in women volleyball players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 25(6):1492–1501, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181da77f6.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
None.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Education & Training
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Clemente-Suárez, V.J., Arroyo-Toledo, J.J. The Use of Autonomic Modulation Device to Control Training Performance after High-Intensity Interval Training Program. J Med Syst 42, 47 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-018-0907-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-018-0907-8