Skip to main content
Log in

Triangular Decomposition of CP Factors of a Third-Order Tensor with Application to Solving Nonlinear Systems of Equations

  • Published:
Journal of Scientific Computing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, we focus on multi-linear systems of equations with a third-order CP-decomposed coefficient tensor, applying the LU decomposition on its factor matrices, a more easily solvable system is obtained. Also, a result on the number of solutions for a multi-linear system with a CP-decomposed tensor is given for different ranks of tensors and an application of the proposed algorithm for solving nonlinear systems is presented. In the end, numerical results are provided.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Averick, B. M., Carter, R. G., Xue, G.-L., Moré, J.: The minpack-2 test problem collection. Technical report, Argonne National Lab (1992)

  2. Bader, B.W.: Tensor–Krylov methods for solving large-scale systems of nonlinear equations. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 43(3), 1321–1347 (2005)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Bader, B.W., Kolda, T.G.: Algorithm 862: MATLAB tensor classes for fast algorithm prototyping. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 32(4), 635–653 (2006)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Bouaricha, A., Schnabel, R.B.: TENSOLVE: a software package for solving systems of nonlinear equations and nonlinear least squares problems using tensor methods. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 23, 174–195 (1997)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Bouaricha, A., Schnabel, R.B.: Tensor methods for large sparse systems of nonlinear equations. Math. Program. 82(3), 377–400 (1998)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Bozorgmanesh, H., Hajarian, M.: Convergence of a transition probability tensor of a higher-order Markov chain to the stationary probability vector. Numer. Linear. Algebra Appl. 23(6), 972–988 (2016)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Bozorgmanesh, H., Hajarian, M., Chronopoulos, A.T.: Interval tensors and their application in solving multi-linear systems of equations. Comput. Math. Appl. 79(3), 697–715 (2020)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Burden, R., Faires, J.D.: Numerical Analysis, 8th edn. Thompson Brooks/Cole, Boston (2005)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Cartwright, D., Sturmfels, B.: The number of eigenvalues of a tensor. Linear Algebra Appl. 438(2), 942–952 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Cui, L.-B., Li, M.-H., Song, Y.: Preconditioned tensor splitting iterations method for solving multi-linear systems. Appl. Math. Lett. 96, 89–94 (2019)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. De Lathauwer, L., De Moor, B., Vandewalle, J.: A multilinear singular value decomposition. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. A. 21(4), 1253–1278 (2000)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. De Silva, V., Lim, L.-H.: Tensor rank and the ill-posedness of the best low-rank approximation problem. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. A. 30(3), 1084–1127 (2008)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Ding, W., Wei, Y.: Solving multi-linear systems with \(\cal{M}\)-tensors. J. Sci. Comput. 68(2), 689–715 (2016)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Domanov, I., De Lathauwer, L.: From computation to comparison of tensor decompositions. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. A. 42(2), 449–474 (2021)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Eldén, L.: Matrix Methods in Data Mining and Pattern Recognition, vol. 4. SIAM, Philadelphia (2007)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Gerard, D., Hoff, P.: A higher-order LQ decomposition for separable covariance models. Linear Algebra Appl. 505, 57–84 (2016)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Gleich, D.F., Lim, L.-H., Yu, Y.: Multilinear pagerank. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. A. 36(4), 1507–1541 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Guan, Y., Verschelde, J.: PHClab: A MATLAB/Octave interface to PHCpack. In: Stillman, M., Verschelde, J., Takayama, N. (eds.) Software for Algebraic Geometry. The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 148. Springer, New York, NY (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78133-4_2

  19. He, W., Chen, Y., Yokoya, N., Li, C., Zhao, Q.: Hyperspectral super-resolution via coupled tensor ring factorization. Pattern Recognit. 122, 108280 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hiebert, K.L.: An evaluation of mathematical software that solves systems of nonlinear equations. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 8(1), 5–20 (1982)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Hitchcock, F.L.: The expression of a tensor or a polyadic as a sum of products. J. Math. Phys. 6(1–4), 164–189 (1927)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. Hitchcock, F.L.: Multiple invariants and generalized rank of a p-way matrix or tensor. J. Math. Phys. 7(1–4), 39–79 (1928)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. Hu, W., Li, X., Zhang, X., Shi, X., Maybank, S., Zhang, Z.: Incremental tensor subspace learning and its applications to foreground segmentation and tracking. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 91(3), 303–327 (2011)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Kelley, C.T.: Iterative Methods for Linear and Nonlinear Equations, vol. 16. SIAM, Philadelphia (1995)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. Kolda, T.G.: Multilinear operators for higher-order decompositions. Technical report, Sandia National Laboratories (2006)

  26. Kolda, T.G., Bader, B.W.: Tensor decompositions and applications. SIAM Rev. 51(3), 455–500 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. Li, T.-Y.: Numerical solution of multivariate polynomial systems by homotopy continuation methods. Acta Numer. 6, 399–436 (1997)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  28. Li, X., Ng, M.K.: Solving sparse non-negative tensor equations: algorithms and applications. Front. Math. China 10(3), 649–680 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  29. Liang, M., Zheng, B.: Further results on Moore-Penrose inverses of tensors with application to tensor nearness problems. Comput. Math. Appl. 77(5), 1282–1293 (2019)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. Lim, L.-H.: Singular values and eigenvalues of tensors: a variational approach. In: 1st IEEE international workshop on computational advances in multi-sensor adaptive processing, pp. 129–132. IEEE (2005)

  31. Lim, L.-H.: Tensors and hypermatrices. In: Handbook of Linear Algebra, 2nd edn., pp. 231–260. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2013)

  32. Lim, L.-H., Comon, P.: Multiarray signal processing: tensor decomposition meets compressed sensing. CR Mecanique 338(6), 311–320 (2010)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  33. Liu, D., Li, W., Vong, S.-W.: The tensor splitting with application to solve multi-linear systems. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 330, 75–94 (2018)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  34. Meintjes, K., Morgan, A.P.: Chemical equilibrium systems as numerical test problems. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 16(2), 143–151 (1990)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  35. Mohsen, A.: A simple solution of the Bratu problem. Comput. Math. with Appl. 67(1), 26–33 (2014)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  36. Moré, J.J., Garbow, B.S., Hillstrom, K.E.: Testing unconstrained optimization software. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 7(1), 17–41 (1981)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  37. Ni, Q., Qi, L.: A quadratically convergent algorithm for finding the largest eigenvalue of a nonnegative homogeneous polynomial map. J. Glob. Optim. 61(4), 627–641 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  38. Ortega, J.M., Rheinboldt, W.C.: Iterative Solution of Nonlinear Equations in Several Variables, vol. 30. SIAM, Philadelphia (1970)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  39. Qi, L.: Eigenvalues of a real supersymmetric tensor. J. Symb. Comput. 40(6), 1302–1324 (2005)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  40. Qi, L.: Eigenvalues and invariants of tensors. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 325(2), 1363–1377 (2007)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  41. Qi, L., Luo, Z.: Tensor Analysis: Spectral Theory and Special Tensors, vol. 151. SIAM, Philadelphia (2017)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  42. Schnabel, R.B., Frank, P.D.: Tensor methods for nonlinear equations. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 21(5), 815–843 (1984)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  43. Verschelde, J.: Algorithm 795: PHCpack: a general-purpose solver for polynomial systems by homotopy continuation. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 25(2), 251–276 (1999)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  44. Wang, X., Navasca, C.: Low-rank approximation of tensors via sparse optimization. Numer. Linear. Algebra Appl. 25(2), e2136 (2018)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  45. Wei, Y., Ding, W.: Theory and Computation of Tensors: Multi-dimensional Arrays. Academic Press, Amsterdam (2016)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  46. Xie, Z.-J., Jin, X.-Q., Wei, Y.-M.: Tensor methods for solving symmetric \(\cal{M}\)-tensor systems. J. Sci. Comput. 74(1), 412–425 (2018)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  47. Xu, X., Wang, Q.-W.: Extending BiCG and BiCR methods to solve the Stein tensor equation. Comput. Math. Appl. 77(12), 3117–3127 (2019)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments that improved the quality of the paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masoud Hajarian.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bozorgmanesh, H., Hajarian, M. Triangular Decomposition of CP Factors of a Third-Order Tensor with Application to Solving Nonlinear Systems of Equations. J Sci Comput 90, 74 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-021-01758-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-021-01758-8

Keywords

Mathematics Subject Classification

Navigation