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New Early Miocene Material of Iberictis, the Oldest Member of the Wolverine Lineage (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Guloninae)

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Abstract

We describe new dental remains of the genus Iberictis (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from the late early Miocene of the Iberian Peninsula. The new fossils of Iberictis azanzae from Artesilla (16.5–16.3 Ma, MN4; Calatayud-Teruel Basin, Zaragoza, Spain) add important morphological information about this species. Material from another species, Iberictis buloti, is described from els Casots (16.5–16.3 Ma, MN4; Vallès-Penedès Basin, Barcelona, Spain). This material constitutes the most complete sample of Iberictis and the first record of I. buloti in the Iberian Peninsula. Our analyses confirm the taxonomic validity of both species, and confirm the more plesiomorphic status of I. buloti compared to I. azanzae. Re-examination of large mustelid Miocene genera (Dehmictis, Ekorus, Eomellivora, Hoplictis, Iberictis, Ischyrictis, and Plesiogulo) and their inclusion for the first time in a cladistic analysis indicate that Iberictis is the sister taxon of Plesiogulo, and that these genera constitute the sister group of the extant wolverine (Gulo gulo). Our analysis thus confirms a close relationship between the early Miocene Iberictis, the late Miocene Plesiogulo, and the Plio-Pleistocene Gulo. Iberictis is the oldest member of Gulonini, the total clade of wolverines, thereby tracking the fossil record of this clade back to the early Miocene. We further propose a new systematic arrangement for the aforementioned large Miocene mustelids into the subfamilies Guloninae, Mellivorinae, and Mustelinae.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the following curators and collection managers for access to comparative material under their care: E. Westwig and J. Galkin (AMNH), D. Kalthoff (NRM), A. Prieur (FSL), C. Argot (MNHN), J.O.R. Ebbestad and V. Berg-Madsen (PMU), D. Lunde (USNM), U.B. Göhlich (NHMW), J.I. Canudo (MPZ), and E. López Errasquin and S. Fraile (MNCN). We are grateful to L. Werdelin (NRM) for kindly allowing us to study the cast of the skull and mandibles of Ekorus ekakeran. We further thank M. March and J. Galindo for assistance with the ICP collections; G. Rössner (BSPG) for the pictures of Plesiogulo sp. from Paşalar (Turkey); S. Mayda (Ege University, Turkey) for the pictures of Paralutra jaegeri from Ravensburg and Steinheim (Germany), Ischyrictis mustelinus from La Grive-Saint-Alban (France) and Erkertshofen 2 (Germany), and Dehmictis vorax from Wintershof-West (Germany); B. Azanza (Universidad de Zaragoza) for the pictures of old material of I. azanzae; J.I. Canudo (MPZ) for cataloguing the new material of I. azanzae; S. Peigné (MNHN) and the photographer Philippe Loubry (UMR7207, MNHN) for the pictures of I. buloti from Pellecahus (France); S. Govender and R. Govender (SAM) for the pictures of Plesiogulo monspessulanus from Langebaanweg; and L. Costeur (NMB) for the pictures of Hoplictis noueli from Artenay (France). We also are grateful to M. Sotnikova (Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia) for her help concerning Gulo minor, and to M. Pina (ICP) for assistance with the pictures of I. buloti from els Casots. A.V. was researcher in formation in the CSIC program JAE-PRE_CP2011 (CSIC program “Junta para la ampliación de estudios”), co-funded by the European Social Fund. This research received support by A.V. from the SYNTHESYS3 Project http://www.synthesys.info/ (SYNTHESYS; AT-TAF-5457), which is financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 “Capacities” Programme, and the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 226506 (SYNTHESYS; SE-TAF-3637). A.V. also received support by an American Museum of Natural History Collection Study Grant Program 2014. The support of the DST-NFR Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences (CoE-Pal) toward this research for A. V. (COE2018-09POST) is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the CoE. This study was also supported by CGL2015-68333-P (MINECO/FEDER-UE), Agencia Estatal de Investigación–European Regional Development Fund of the European Union (CGL2016-76431-P, AEI/FEDER, EU), the Generalitat de Catalunya (CERCA Programme), and the research group UCM 910607. We are also indebted to the Editor-in-Chief J.R. Wible, and both J. Baskin and one anonymous reviewer for their useful comments and suggestions, which significantly improved the original manuscript.We want to express our deepest gratitude to the late Stéphane Peigné (MNHN), a colleague, friend and a recognized world expert in Neogene carnivorans, who passed away during the development of this project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Geología Sedimentaria y Cambio Medioambiental, Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC, UCM), Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Alberto Valenciano & María A. Álvarez-Sierra

  2. Departamento de Geodinámica, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas UCM, Estratigrafía y Paleontología Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Alberto Valenciano & María A. Álvarez-Sierra

  3. Research and Exhibitions Department, Iziko Museums of South Africa, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town, South Africa

    Alberto Valenciano

  4. Department of Biological Sciences, Palaeobiological Research Group, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rhodes Gift, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa

    Alberto Valenciano

  5. Facultad Ciencias del Mar, Edificio Instituto de Investigacion Científica y Desarrollo Tecnológicon (INCYT), Segundo Piso, Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena, Kilómetro 1,5 de la Vía Santa Elena-La Libertad, 240210, La Libertad, Ecuador

    Juan Abella

  6. Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain

    Juan Abella, David M. Alba & Josep M. Robles

  7. Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain

    Jorge Morales

Authors
  1. Alberto Valenciano
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  2. Juan Abella
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  3. David M. Alba
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  5. María A. Álvarez-Sierra
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Correspondence to Alberto Valenciano.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

Descriptions of dental characters used in the phylogenetic analysis performed in this work. (DOCX 58 kb)

ESM 2

Character-taxon matrix used in the phylogenetic analysis performed in this work. (PNG 388 kb)

High Resolution (TIF 29 mb)

ESM 3

Character-taxon matrix in nexus format. (NEX 6.78 kb)

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Valenciano, A., Abella, J., Alba, D.M. et al. New Early Miocene Material of Iberictis, the Oldest Member of the Wolverine Lineage (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Guloninae). J Mammal Evol 27, 73–93 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-018-9445-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-018-9445-x

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