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Systematic Studies of the Genus Aegialomys Weksler et al., 2006 (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae): Geographic Variation, Species Delimitation, and Biogeography

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Abstract

Aegialomys occurs in open habitats west of the Ecuadorean and Peruvian Andes, including the Galapagos Archipelago. This genus currently includes two species, A. galapagoensis and A. xanthaeolus. We studied patterns of geographic variation to characterize the morphologic and morphometric variation and recognize diagnosable clusters of samples. Employing this evidence, within a phylogenetic framework employing morphological, molecular, and concatenated matrices, we diagnose monophyletic lineages and assign the appropriate names to species–group taxa. Qualitatively, we noted geographic variation in some characters, and quantitatively there is a pronounced increase in cranial dimensions along the north–south distribution axis, revealing the existence of four distinct clusters: North, South, Extreme South, and Galapagos. These results, along with the phylogenetic relationships, allowed us to hypothesize that Aegialomys exhibits four monophyletic species that we call: Aegialomys galapagoensis, restricted to the Galapagos Archipelago; Aegialomys xanthaeolus, distributed from Ecuador to northern Peru; Aegialomys baroni, ocurring in Central Perú; and Aegialomys ica, distributed in southern Peru. Our distributional data suggest that species discontinuities are associated with some well-known barriers in the western portion of South America. Through the Andes and trans–Andean area, there are some geographic features or areas, the Huancabamba Depression, that historically played a key role as barriers to plant and animal dispersion or as a boundaries to species distribution.

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Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank the curators that generously granted us access to the specimens (both vouchers and tissue samples) under their care: AMNH (Robert S. Voss), BMNH (Roberto P. Miguez), FMNH (Bruce Patterson), LSUMZ (Frederick H. Sheldon), MUSM (Victor Pacheco), MVZ (James L. Patton and Chris Conroy), MZUSP (Mario de Vivo), UMMZ (Philip Myers), and USNM (Michael Carleton). We also are deeply indebted to Alfredo Langguth and Yuri Leite who carefully read earlier versions of the manuscript; to Ulyses Pardiñas, John Wible, and one anonymous reviewer who also provided insightful comments on the text; to J.L. Patton who thoroughly reviewed the English language; they all consistently contributed to its improvement, and any problems that may have persisted are, of course, our own. A.R. Percequillo would like to thanks Mario de Vivo, for his dedicated and uninterested support on his earlier mammalogist carreer: Mario’s profound knowledge of mammals and their history is a continuous source of inspiration. We also would like to thanks to G.G. Musser for his remarkable papers on rodents, mainly those on the geographic variation of rodents, especially those on the Central American squirrels and oryzomyine rodents (both cited here), that are a fundamental literature for those interested in taxonomy and systematics of such a complex group; in these contributions, he transforms intractable morphologic variation and nomenclatural problems into intelligible and clear information, allowing readers to precisely identify his species and understand their history. J.L. Patton also merits special acknowledgements for his pioneering work with the species of this genus: he paved the way for us and other students interested in these taxa. J.R. Prado received financial support from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo as an MSc Scholarship (FAPESP 2009/03547–5). A.R. Percequillo’s research was sponsored by American Museum of Natural History, The Field Museum, Smithsonian Institution, and Museum of Comparative Zoology, as well as fellowships received from Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPq), and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP 09/16009–1).

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    Joyce Rodrigues do Prado & Alexandre Reis Percequillo

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  1. Joyce Rodrigues do Prado
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Tree resulting from Bayesian analysis of the CytB dataset. Support statistics from a parsimony bootstrap analysis, a maximum–likelihood bootstrap analysis, and a Bayesian analysis are indicated at each resolved node. For the parsimony and maximum–likelihood analyses (MP and ML, respectively), white indicates bootstrap frequencies ≤50%, gray indicates bootstrap frequencies between 50% and 75%, and black indicates bootstrap frequencies ≥75%. For the Bayesian analysis (BPP), white indicates posterior probabilities, 0.95, whereas black indicates posterior probabilities ≥0.95 (GIF 117 kb)

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do Prado, J.R., Percequillo, A.R. Systematic Studies of the Genus Aegialomys Weksler et al., 2006 (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae): Geographic Variation, Species Delimitation, and Biogeography. J Mammal Evol 25, 71–118 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-016-9360-y

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