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First Digital Cranial Endocasts of late Oligocene Notohippidae (Notoungulata): Implications for Endemic South American Ungulates Brain Evolution

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Abstract

Notohippidae were middle-sized toxodonts recorded from the Eocene to the early Miocene. We provide the first description of the cranial endocasts of Rhynchippus equinus and Eurygenium latirostris based on three-dimensional reconstructions extracted from high-resolution X-ray computed tomography imagery. The endocasts of R. equinus and E. latirostris indicate that they were similar in size, proportions of the encephalic components, and neocortical design. The endocranial morphology of these notohippids is very close to that of toxodontids Adinotherium and Nesodon and differs markedly from both other Toxodontia and Typotheria. Notohippids, together with toxodontids, show the most complex neocortical surface among notoungulates. On the other hand, the neuromorphology of notohippids is in contrast to the neocortical morphological pattern described for Tertiary euungulates (Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla) from the Northern Hemisphere and litoptern Protetotheriidae, South American native euungulates. The relative brain size of R. equinus and E. latirostris compared with coeval holarctic euungulates from the late Oligocene are significantly below Perissodactyla and near the values obtained for Artiodactyla. Regarding the location of some functional neocortical areas, the expansion of the frontal lobe in Notohippidae may reflect the acquisition of heightened tactile sensitivity in the front of the snout, as recorded in the somatic sensory cortex of living euungulates. The bulging temporal lobe may reflect expansion of the auditory cortex, likely related to the marked enlargement of the middle ear chamber. Both neuromorphological and quantitative data suggest that during the late Paleogene, notohippids developed as complex and encephalized brains as those of the coeval Artiodactyla of northern continents.

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Acknowledgments

The field work upon which this study was based involved the efforts of many people, including J. Fleagle (Stony Brook University), T. Bown (Erathem-Vanir Geological), R. Taylor (Centro Nacional Patagónico), A. Monti (Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia), R. Vacca (Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio), E. Ruigomez (Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio), and M. Tejedor (Centro Nacional Patagónico). We express our gratitude to A. Venter and family (Estancia El Molino owners) for their hospitality during the field work. We also thank L. Reiner (Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio) for the preparation of the artificial endocast and the CT technologist A. Panes (Instituto de Diagnóstico del Este del Chubut) for guidance and help during the scanning and reconstruction processes. W. Simpson (FMNH) permitted study of the L. Radinsky collection of recent and fossil endocranial casts. Finally, we thank the Editor-in-Chief J. R. Wible and two anonymous reviewers who provided careful reviews that improved the manuscript. This research was conducted under permits from Secretaria de Cultura, Chubut Province, Argentina. It was supported by CONICET PIP 2628 and PICT-SECYT 07/32344.

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  1. Laboratorio de Paleontología, Centro Nacional Patagónico (CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, 9120, Chubut, Argentina

    María Teresa Dozo & Gastón Martínez

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  1. María Teresa Dozo
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Correspondence to María Teresa Dozo.

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Dozo, M.T., Martínez, G. First Digital Cranial Endocasts of late Oligocene Notohippidae (Notoungulata): Implications for Endemic South American Ungulates Brain Evolution. J Mammal Evol 23, 1–16 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-015-9298-5

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