Abstract
This is a brief review of the experimental results for the critical behavior near \({T}_{\lambda }\) of 4He confined in a well-defined geometry. This is realized using cells formed with patterned Si wafers which are directly bonded. The thrust of these experiments is to verify finite-size scaling near \({T}_{\lambda }\) for different dimensionality crossover and to explore the coupling and proximity effects between two adjoining regions of confined 4He. Predictions of finite-size scaling are verified for film confinement in the case of the specific heat. However, there are issues in the temperature region where the film becomes superfluid. In the case of coupling and proximity effects, one finds that remarkably and unexpectedly these extend orders of magnitude beyond the range of the correlation length \(\xi .\) A more complete discussion of these results and techniques, as well as other relevant experiments in helium, and the connection to observations with superconductors can be found in (FM. Gasparini et al. Rev. Mod. Phys.80:1009–1059, 2008: JK Perron et al. Rep. Prog. Phys.82: 1–29, 2019).
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Acknowledgements
The development of direct bonding of silicon wafers for the study of helium confinement; the techniques necessary to stage these at helium temperatures; and, the development of techniques to measure the thermodynamic properties of nanomole samples of helium has been a very long-term project in our laboratory at Buffalo. Students that have been involved in this effort over a period of many years include Ilsu Rhee, Sarabjit Mehta, Mark Kimball, Kevin Mooney, Manuel Diaz-Avila, Justin Perron and Stephen Thomson. I thank them all for their hard work, ingenuity and perseverance. This research could not have been done without the constant support of the National Science Foundation, most recently with DMR-1101189, and the use of the Cornell NanoScale Science and Technology Facility, Project No. 526-94.
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Gasparini, F.M. Confined 4He Near Tλ: Scaling and Giant Proximity Effects. J Low Temp Phys 205, 183–199 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-021-02637-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-021-02637-0