Skip to main content
Log in

Simons Observatory Microwave SQUID Multiplexing Readout: Cryogenic RF Amplifier and Coaxial Chain Design

  • Published:
Journal of Low Temperature Physics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Simons Observatory (SO) is an upcoming polarization-sensitive cosmic microwave background experiment on the Cerro Toco Plateau (Chile) with large overlap with other optical and infrared surveys (e.g., DESI, LSST, HSC). To enable the readout of \({\mathcal {O}}\)(10,000) detectors in each of the four telescopes of SO, we will employ the microwave SQUID multiplexing technology. With a targeted multiplexing factor of \({\mathcal {O}}\)(1000), microwave SQUID multiplexing has never been deployed on the scale needed for SO. Here we present the design of the cryogenic coaxial cable and RF component chain that connects room temperature readout electronics to superconducting resonators that are coupled to transition edge sensor bolometers operating at sub-Kelvin temperatures. We describe design considerations including cryogenic RF component selection, system linearity, noise, and thermal power dissipation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. From COAX CO., LTD. http://www.coax.co.jp/en/.

References

  1. P. Ade et al., The Simons Observatory: science goals and forecasts. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2019(2), 056 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/02/056

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Ali, et al., Small aperture telescopes for the Simons Observatory. This special issue (2019)

  3. A.N. Bender et al., On-sky performance of the SPT-3G frequency-domain multiplexed readout. J. Low Temp. Phys. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-019-02280-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. T. Dahm, D.J. Scalapino, Theory of intermodulation in a superconducting microstrip resonator. J. Appl. Phys. 81(4), 2002–2009 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.364056

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. P.J. de Visser et al., Readout-power heating and hysteretic switching between thermal quasiparticle states in kinetic inductance detectors. J. Appl. Phys. 108(11), 114504 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3517152

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. B. Dober et al., Microwave SQUID multiplexer demonstration for cosmic microwave background imagers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 111(24), 243510 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5008527

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. N. Galitzki, et al., The Simons Observatory: instrument overview, in, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 10708, p. 1070804 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2312985

  8. J. Gao, The physics of superconducting microwave resonators. Ph.D. thesis, Caltech (2008)

  9. J. Gao et al., A semiempirical model for two-level system noise in superconducting microresonators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(21), 212504 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2937855

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. S.W. Henderson et al., Advanced ACTPol cryogenic detector arrays and readout. J. Low Temp. Phys. 184(3–4), 772–779 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-016-1575-z

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. S.W. Henderson, et al., Highly-multiplexed microwave SQUID readout using the SLAC microresonator radio frequency (SMuRF) electronics for future CMB and sub-millimeter surveys, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 10708, p. 1070819 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2314435

  12. Y. Li, et al., Assembly and integration process of the high-density detector array readout system for the Simons Observatory. This special issue (2019)

  13. J.A.B. Mates, The microwave squid multiplexer. Ph.D. thesis, University of Colorado (2011)

  14. S. McHugh et al., A readout for large arrays of microwave kinetic inductance detectors. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83(4), 044702–044702 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3700812

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. D.M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd edn. (Wiley, Hoboken, 2005)

    Google Scholar 

  16. I. Siddiqi et al., Direct observation of dynamical bifurcation between two driven oscillation states of a Josephson junction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 027005 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.027005

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by a Grant from the Simons Foundation (Award # 457687).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mayuri Sathyanarayana Rao.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Maximiliano Silva-Feaver have provided significant contribution to this work.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sathyanarayana Rao, M., Silva-Feaver, M., Ali, A. et al. Simons Observatory Microwave SQUID Multiplexing Readout: Cryogenic RF Amplifier and Coaxial Chain Design. J Low Temp Phys 199, 807–816 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-020-02429-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-020-02429-y

Keywords

Navigation