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A Predictive Control Algorithm for Time-Division-Multiplexed Readout of TES Microcalorimeters

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Abstract

Time division multiplexing (TDM) uses a digital flux-locked loop (DFLL) to linearize each first-stage SQUID amplifier. Presently, the dynamic range of our TDM systems is limited by the use of a proportional-integral controller to maintain the DFLL. In this paper, we use simulations to assess the improvements possible with a predictive control algorithm that anticipates rapid changes in transition-edge sensor current during the rising edge of an X-ray pulse. We calculate that the predictive control algorithm can improve our TDM architecture’s dynamic range by 35%. This significant increase in multiplexing capabilities could be used to read out higher-energy X-rays, reduce readout noise, increase multiplexing factors, or reduce SQUID power output.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the NASA SAT program, “Providing Enabling & Enhancing Technologies for a Demonstration Model of the Athena X-IFU.” The authors thank collaborators at NASA, Stanford, NIST, and CNES for their helpful technical discussions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

    Malcolm Durkin, J. D. Gard, J. Imrek, N. Ortiz, R. W. Stevens & J. N. Ullom

  2. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA

    G. C. O’Neil, W. B. Doriese, J. D. Gard, G. C. Hilton, J. Imrek, N. Ortiz, C. D. Reintsema, R. W. Stevens, D. S. Swetz & J. N. Ullom

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  1. Malcolm Durkin
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  2. G. C. O’Neil
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  3. W. B. Doriese
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  4. J. D. Gard
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  5. G. C. Hilton
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  6. J. Imrek
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  7. N. Ortiz
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  8. C. D. Reintsema
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  9. R. W. Stevens
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  10. D. S. Swetz
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  11. J. N. Ullom
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Correspondence to Malcolm Durkin.

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Durkin, M., O’Neil, G.C., Doriese, W.B. et al. A Predictive Control Algorithm for Time-Division-Multiplexed Readout of TES Microcalorimeters. J Low Temp Phys 199, 275–280 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-020-02342-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-020-02342-4

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