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A Review on the Recent Development of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Application for Polymeric Mixed-Matrix Membranes: Synthesis, Performance, and Future Challenges

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Abstract

Membrane technology offers several advantages in comparison to traditional separation methods, including enhanced removal capacity, operational flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, the widespread adoption of membrane technology is hindered primarily by the issue of membrane fouling. So, this article provides an overview of various techniques employed in the fabrication and modification of nanocomposite membranes, specifically mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) by incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This study examines the influence of CNTs on the intrinsic properties of membranes (pore morphology, porosity, pore size, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, membrane surface charge, and roughness). Additionally, the performance of membranes is evaluated in terms of flux permeation, contaminant rejection, and anti-fouling and antibacterial capability. Moreover, the long-term operation and leachability of the fabricated membranes were also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future works in developing MMMs with CNTs as nanofillers are discussed. The text offers a comprehensive overview of the interrelationships between fabrication methods, membrane functionality, and membrane efficiency in various water and wastewater treatment processes. It includes a wealth of supporting evidence and illustrative examples to facilitate the reader’s comprehension of these fundamental connections.

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Data Availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Abbreviations

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

SWCNT:

Single-wall CNT

MWCNT:

Multi-wall CNT

CVD:

Chemical vapor deposition

TETA:

Triethylenetetramine

DMAC:

Dimethylacetamide

PVP:

Polyvinyl pyrrolidone

PVDF:

Polyvinylidene fluoride

PPSU:

Polyphenylsulfone

RB19:

Reactive blue 19

DR23:

Direct red 23

MG:

Malachite green

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

DMF:

Dimethyl formamide

DDA:

Dodecylamine

SEM:

Scanning Electron Microscopy

TMC:

1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid chloride

FTIR:

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

PMIA:

Poly(m-phenylene isophthal amide)

MMMs:

Mixed matrix membranes

MO:

Methyl Orange

CR:

Congo red

DMF:

N,N-Dimethyl-formamide

TFC:

Thin film composite

SLS:

Sodium lignosulfonate

NMP:

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

PVC:

Polyvinyl chloride

PSf:

Polysulfone

RO:

Reverse osmosis

PEI:

Polyethyleneimine

PPy:

Polypyrrole

MD:

Membrane distillation

DR16:

Direct Red 16

Ra:

Average plane roughness

TFN:

Thin film nanocomposite

MF:

Microfiltration

UF:

Ultrafiltration

NF:

Nanofiltration

MB:

Methylene blue

LB3R:

Lanasol blue 3R

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Acknowledgements

The authors hereby express their gratitude to the Student Research Committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences for financial support (Grant No: 4020790,  Ethical Code: IR.KUMS.REC.1402.346).

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The work was supported by Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (Grant No: 4020790, Ethical Code: IR.KUMS.REC.1402.346).

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  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Danial Nayeri & Ali Jafari

  2. Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Danial Nayeri

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AJ: Supervision, original idea, reviewing-editing manuscript and improving overall manuscript quality, review and editing tables. DN: writing—first draft, review and editing tables. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Nayeri, D., Jafari, A. A Review on the Recent Development of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Application for Polymeric Mixed-Matrix Membranes: Synthesis, Performance, and Future Challenges. J Inorg Organomet Polym (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-024-03036-0

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