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Statistical Optimization and Desirability Function for Producing Nano Silica from Dune Sand by Sol–gel Method Towards Methylene Blue Dye Removal

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Abstract

This work aims to extract amorphous, high-purity silica nanoparticles (n-SiO2) from natural sand using the sol–gel method, a simple, economic, and environmentally friendly chemical process. The parametric optimization by Box–Behnken design was carried out to optimize the synthesis parameters (reaction temperature, reaction time, and SiO2/NaOH ratio). The as-produced silica was characterized by several analytical techniques. A maximum silica yield of 87.62% was achieved when the T = 495.3 °C, t = 2 h and SiO2/NaOH = 7.88. The XRF and EDX results affirmed the high purity of the synthesized silica at 98.4% SiO2. The XRD spectrum shows an amorphous structure of the as-produced silica. Furthermore, the extracted silica exhibited a high specific surface area of 632.7m2/g, an average pore diameter of 2.82 nm, and an average particle size of 9.48 nm. The applicability of the BBD-optimized n-silica as a low-cost adsorbent toward removing Methylene blue (MB) dye from the aqueous environment was investigated. The adsorption kinetic was in excellent accordance with a pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the Temkin isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 209.23 mg/g at 55 °C. These findings demonstrate that sand is a promising precursor for producing highly pure mesoporous silica for removing cationic dyes from wastewater and other possible applications.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico–Chimiques (CRAPC) for providing research facilities. All authors would like to thank the esteemed reviewers for these constructive comments and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. LABTHOP Laboratory, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of El-Oued, 3900, El-Oued, Algeria

    Amina Hani

  2. Department of Physics, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of El-Oued, 39000, El-Oued, Algeria

    Amina Hani & Nassima Meftah

  3. Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of El-Oued, 39000, El-Oued, Algeria

    Laid Zeghoud

  4. National Engineering School, University of Sfax, P. Box 3052, Sfax, Tunisia

    Ali Sdiri

  5. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Ali H. Jawad

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by AH and NM The first draft of the manuscript was written by NM and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Hani, A., Meftah, N., Zeghoud, L. et al. Statistical Optimization and Desirability Function for Producing Nano Silica from Dune Sand by Sol–gel Method Towards Methylene Blue Dye Removal. J Inorg Organomet Polym 33, 1882–1897 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-023-02612-0

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