Abstract
Nano-and micro-sized ZnO samples were synthesized by the sol–gel method. Physical and thermal stability of ZnO samples were tested in supercritical water (SCW) and supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of formaldehyde. ZnO calcined at 350 °C (ZnO-350) has spherical particles with an average diameter of 150 nm. After SCW and SCWG treatments, the particle size of ZnO-350 increased and its roughness decreased as a result of agglomeration. Increasing the calcination temperature of ZnO from 350 to 900 °C increased crystallinity and the estimated crystal size of ZnO. The particles of ZnO calcined at 900 °C converted to hexagonal particles from spherical particles by the dissolution of coke precursors in SCW. Compared with the non-catalytic gasification of formaldehyde, the presence of ZnO increased the conversion of formaldehyde and hydrogen formation. The increasing calcination temperatures of ZnO enhanced hydrogen formation, which might be due to the formation of oxygen vacancies on the ZnO1-x.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Kruse, J. Supercrit. Fluids 47, 391 (2009)
G. van Rossum, B. Potic, S.R.A. Kersten, W.P.M. van Swaaij, Catal. Today 145, 10 (2009)
O. Norouzi, F. Safari, S. Jafarian, A. Tavasoli, A. Karimi, Energy Convers. Manag. 141, 63 (2017)
F. Safari, N. Javani, Z. Yumurtaci, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 43, 1071 (2018)
L. Liu, X. Yang, N. Ma, H. Liu, Y. Xia, C. Chen, D. Yang, X. Yao, Small 12, 1295 (2016)
J. Feng, X. Xue, X. Li, W. Li, X. Guo, K. Liu, Fuel Process. Technol. 130, 96 (2015)
M.J. Sheikhdavoodi, M. Almassi, M. Ebrahimi-Nik, A. Kruse, H. Bahrami, J. Energy Inst. 88, 450 (2015)
J. Louw, C.E. Schwarz, A.J. Burger, Bioresour. Technol. 201, 111 (2016)
Z. Ge, H. Jin, L. Guo, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 39, 19583 (2014)
R. Lan, H. Jin, L. Guo, Z. Ge, S. Guo, X. Zhang, Energy Fuels 28, 6911 (2014)
L. Guo, H. Jin, Y. Lu, J. Supercrit. Fluids 96, 144 (2015)
C. Cao, Y. Zhang, W. Cao, H. Jin, L. Guo, Z. Huo, Catal. Lett. 147, 828 (2017)
E.G. Baker, D.C. Elliott, L. JohnSealock Jr., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 32, 1542 (1993)
D.C. Elliott, Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. 2, 254 (2008)
Z.Y. Ding, M.A. Frisch, L. Li, E.F. Gloyna, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 35, 3257 (1996)
T.M. Yeh, J.G. Dickinson, A. Franck, S. Linic, L.T. Thompson, P.E. Savage, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 88, 13 (2013)
H. Jin, Y. Lu, L. Guo, X. Zhang, A. Pei, Adv. Condens. Matter Phys. 2014, 1 (2014)
P. Azadi, R. Farnood, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 36, 9529 (2011)
H. Xiong, H.N. Pham, A.K. Datye, Green Chem. 16, 4627 (2014)
J.N. Jocz, L.T. Thompson, P.E. Savage, Chem. Mater. 30, 1218 (2018)
N. Roy, S. Chakraborty, Mater. Today Proc. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.264
D. Medina Cruz, E. Mostafavi, A. Vernet-Crua, H. Barabadi, V. Shah, J.L. Cholula-Díaz, G. Guisbiers, T.J. Webster, J. Phys. Mater. 3, 034005 (2020)
V.S. Bhati, M. Hojamberdiev, M. Kumar, Energy Rep. 6, 46 (2020)
Y. Lee, S. Kim, D. Kim, C. Lee, H. Park, J.H. Lee, Appl. Surf. Sci. 509, 145328 (2020)
H.Q. Liu, C.B. Yao, G.Q. Jiang, Y. Cai, J. Alloys Compd. 847, 156524 (2020)
S. Baruah, J. Dutta, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 10, 18 (2009)
M. Massaro, M. Casiello, L. D’Accolti, G. Lazzara, A. Nacci, G. Nicotra, R. Noto, A. Pettignano, C. Spinella, S. Riela, Appl. Clay Sci. 189, 105527 (2020)
S. Goktas, A. Goktas, J. Alloys Compd. 863, 158734 (2021)
S.N. Zailan, A. Bouaissi, N. Mahmed, M.M.A.B. Abdullah, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 30, 2007 (2020)
1.S. Mustapha, M.M. Ndamitso, A.S. Abdulkareem, J.O. Tijani, D.T. Shuaib, A.O. Ajala, A.K. Mohammed, Appl. Water Sci. 10, 49 (2020)
S. Arya, P. Mahajan, S. Mahajan, A. Khosla, R. Datt, V. Gupta, S.-J. Young, S.K. Oruganti, ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 10, 023002 (2021)
A.S. Lanje, S.J. Sharma, R.S. Ningthoujam, J.S. Ahn, R.B. Pode, Adv. Powder Technol. 24, 331 (2013)
J. Rosowska, J. Kaszewski, B. Witkowski, Wachnicki, I. Kuryliszyn-Kudelska, M. Godlewski, Opt. Mater. (Amst). 109, 110089 (2020)
D. Zhao, J. Li, S. Sathasivam, C.J. Carmalt, RSC Adv. 10, 34527 (2020)
G. Otis, M. Ejgenberg, Y. Mastai, Nanomaterials 11, 238 (2021)
X. Zhang, J. Chen, M. Wen, H. Pan, S. Shen, Phys. B Condens. Matter 602, 412545 (2021)
J. Ding, S. Chen, N. Han, Y. Shi, P. Hu, H. Li, J. Wang, Ceram. Int. 46, 15152 (2020)
H. Widiyandari, S. Wijayanti, A. Prasetio, A. Purwanto, Opt. Mater. (Amst). 107, 110077 (2020)
B. Manikandan, T. Endo, S. Kaneko, K.R. Murali, R. John, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 29, 9474 (2018)
K. Kaviyarasu, C. Maria Magdalane, D. Jayakumar, Y. Samson, A.K.H. Bashir, M. Maaza, D. Letsholathebe, A.H. Mahmoud, J. Kennedy, J. King Saud. Univ. Sci. 32, 1516 (2020)
C.M. Magdalane, K. Kaviyarasu, G.M.A. Priyadharsini, A.K.H. Bashir, N. Mayedwa, N. Matinise, A.B. Isaev, N. Abdullah Al-Dhabi, M.V. Arasu, S. Arokiyaraj, J. Kennedy, M. Maaza, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 8, 2898 (2019)
S.Y. Chu, T.M. Yan, S.L. Chen, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 19, 349 (2000)
N. Jaman, M. Sazedul Hoque, S. Chandra Chakraborty, M. Enamul Hoq, H. Pada Seal, Int. J. Fish. Aquat. Stud. 2, 94 (2015)
K. Hayat, M.A. Gondal, M.M. Khaled, S. Ahmed, A.M. Shemsi, Appl. Catal. A Gen. 393, 122 (2011)
Z.N. Kayani, F. Saleemi, I. Batool, Appl. Phys. A 119, 713 (2015)
U.N. Maiti, S.F. Ahmed, M.K. Mitra, K.K. Chattopadhyay, Mater. Res. Bull. 44, 134 (2009)
A.M. Ismail, A.A. Menazea, H.A. Kabary, A.E. El-Sherbiny, A. Samy, J. Mol. Struct. 1196, 332 (2019)
L. Qian, Y. Zhao, S. Sun, H. Che, H. Chen, D. Wang, Fuel Process. Technol. 118, 327 (2014)
Y. Zhao, D. Feng, Y. Zhang, Y. Huang, S. Sun, Fuel Process. Technol. 141, 54 (2016)
H. Jin, X. Zhao, X. Su, C. Zhu, C. Cao, L. Guo, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 42, 4943 (2017)
H.-W. Ryu, B.-S. Park, S.A. Akbar, W.-S. Lee, K.-J. Hong, Y.-J. Seo, D.-C. Shin, J.-S. Park, G.-P. Choi, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 96, 717 (2003)
D. Nesheva, V. Dzhurkov, I. Stambolova, V. Blaskov, I. Bineva, J.M. Calderon Moreno, S. Preda, M. Gartner, T. Hristova-Vasileva, M. Shipochka, Mater. Chem. Phys. 209, 165 (2018)
D. Ehrentraut, H. Sato, Y. Kagamitani, H. Sato, A. Yoshikawa, T. Fukuda, Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. Mater. 52, 280 (2006)
C. Yang, J. Kou, H. Fan, Z. Tian, W. Kong, J. Shangguan, Langmuir 35, 7759 (2019)
B.N. Dole, V.D. Mote, V.R. Huse, Y. Purushotham, M.K. Lande, K.M. Jadhav, S.S. Shah, Curr. Appl. Phys. 11, 762 (2011)
S. Gangil, A. Nakamura, Y. Ichikawa, K. Yamamoto, J. Ishihara, T. Aoki, J. Temmyo, J. Cryst. Growth 298, 486 (2007)
A. Kaschner, U. Haboeck, M. Strassburg, M. Strassburg, G. Kaczmarczyk, A. Hoffmann, C. Thomsen, A. Zeuner, H.R. Alves, D.M. Hofmann, B.K. Meyer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 1909 (2002)
S.K. Singh, D. Dutta, S. Das, A. Dhar, M.C. Paul, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 107, 104819 (2020)
T. Ivanova, A. Harizanova, T. Koutzarova, B. Vertruyen, B. Stefanov, Thin Solid Films 646, 132 (2018)
T. Jannane, M. Manoua, N. Fazouan, A. El Hichou, A. Almaggoussi, A. Liba, Superlattices Microstruct. 147, 106689 (2020)
S. Bandyopadhyay, G.K. Paul, R. Roy, S.K. Sen, S. Sen, Mater. Chem. Phys. 74, 83 (2002)
M. Iwamoto, Y. Yoda, N. Yamazoe, T. Seiyama, J. Phys. Chem. 82, 2564 (1978)
E. Sasaoka, S. Hirano, S. Kasaoka, Y. Sakata, Energy Fuels 8, 763 (1994)
S. Luo, J. Liu, Z. Wu, J. Phys. Chem. C 123, 11772 (2019)
Y. Lv, W. Yao, X. Ma, C. Pan, R. Zong, Y. Zhu, Catal. Sci. Technol. 3, 3136 (2013)
S. Derrouiche, C. La Fontaine, G. Thrimurtulu, S. Casale, L. Delannoy, H. Lauron-Pernot, C. Louis, Catal. Sci. Technol. 6, 6794 (2016)
W. Wang, X. Li, Y. Zhang, R. Zhang, H. Ge, J. Bi, M. Tang, Catal. Sci. Technol. 7, 4413 (2017)
F.L.P. Resende, P.E. Savage, Ind. & Eng. Chem. Res. 49, 2694 (2010)
J. Yu, P.E. Savage, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37, 2 (1998)
M. Watanabe, M. Osada, H. Inomata, K. Arai, A. Kruse, Appl. Catal. A Gen. 245, 333 (2003)
G. Akgül, A. Kruse, J. Supercrit. Fluids 73, 43 (2013)
Y.J. Fan, W. Zhu, M. Gong, Y. Su, C.Y. Wang, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 43, 13090 (2018)
M.B. Fichtl, J. Schumann, I. Kasatkin, N. Jacobsen, M. Behrens, R. Schlögl, M. Muhler, O. Hinrichsen, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 53, 7043 (2014)
F. Studt, M. Behrens, E.L. Kunkes, N. Thomas, S. Zander, A. Tarasov, J. Schumann, E. Frei, J.B. Varley, F. Abild-Pedersen, J.K. Nørskov, R. Schlögl, ChemCatChem 7, 1105 (2015)
P. Zhang, Y. Araki, X. Feng, H. Li, Y. Fang, F. Chen, L. Shi, X. Peng, Y. Yoneyama, G. Yang, N. Tsubaki, Fuel 268, 117213 (2020)
C. Levy, M. Watanabe, Y. Aizawa, H. Inomata, K. Sue, Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 3, 337 (2006)
A. Sina, T. Yumak, V. Balci, A. Kruse, J. Supercrit. Fluids 56, 179 (2011)
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support achieved from The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (213M398) and Sivas Cumhuriyet University Research Scientific Funding (M-742).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ates, A., Hatipoglu, H. Evaluation of Stability and Catalytic Activity in Supercritical Water of Zinc Oxide Samples Prepared by the Sol–Gel Method. J Inorg Organomet Polym 31, 4581–4593 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-021-02066-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-021-02066-2