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Effect of Gd3+ Doping on Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of PbI2/FTO Thin Films for Optoelectronic and Nonlinear Applications

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Abstract

Herein, we have developed the thin Gd@PbI2 films on FTO via a facile spin coating route and subjected to various studies. The formation of (001) oriented hexagonal phase Gd:PbI2/FTO films was confirmed by X-ray diffraction & FT-Raman spectroscopy analyses. The size was determined through Scherrer formula in 11–16 nm range. The doping of Gd and its homogeneity was tested and approved by EDX and SEM e-mapping studies. The Gd doping impact on surface morphology was inspected via SEM images and found very low dimension grains formation throughout the films area. Tauc’s formula was employed to obtain energy gap and found in 2.46–2.74 eV for all Gd@PbI2 films. Absorption and refractive indices were estimated in 0.034–1.2 and 1.4–11 between 395 and 2400 nm wavelength regions. Respective dielectric constant and loss values were noted between 3.5 and 112, and 0.13 and 1.4, signify high dielectric constant and low loss values. The optical conductivity was calculated of 1016 order for all Gd@PbI2 films. SELF and VELF related values were also determined. The values of nonlinear optics related parameters were also calculated and revealed that the grown films are potential candidates for opto-nonlinear devices.

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Acknowledgements

Author M. Shkir would like to express his gratitude to King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia for providing administrative and technical support. The author T. Alshahrani extends her sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University for funding this research through the Fast-track Research Funding Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Functional Materials & Optoelectronics Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia

    Mohd. Shkir, M. Aslam Manthrammel, M. A. Sayed, I. M. Ashraf & S. AlFaify

  2. Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia

    T. Alshahrani

  3. Department of Physics, Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s, Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College, Vashi, Navi Mumbai, 400703, India

    Kamlesh V. Chandekar

  4. Faculty of Science, Physics Department, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt

    M. A. Sayed

  5. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, 81511, Egypt

    I. M. Ashraf

  6. Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India

    Baskaran Palanivel

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  1. Mohd. Shkir
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Shkir, M., Alshahrani, T., Chandekar, K.V. et al. Effect of Gd3+ Doping on Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of PbI2/FTO Thin Films for Optoelectronic and Nonlinear Applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym 31, 566–576 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01765-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01765-6

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