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Various Methods for Synthesis of Bulk and Nano Thallium(III) Oxide

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Abstract

Thallium(III) oxide, a degenerate n-type semiconductor, is a highly insoluble thermally stable thallium source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications. Although thallium oxide is an important metal oxide, its synthesis has only been sporadically studied. This review gives an overview of all reported synthetic routes for the preparation of both bulk and nanostructured thallium(III) oxide. These methods include electrochemical methods, thermal method, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), microwave irradiation, sol–gel method and one recently chemical route using potassium superoxide. In electrochemical methods, both bulk and nanostructures of thallium(III) oxide can be prepared and the amount of the deposited material, thickness of the layer or wires length depends on the deposition time matrix structure. Thermal methods are simple and effective techniques which include thermal decomposition and calcination of various precursors. By CVD and microwave irradiation we be able to synthesis bulk and nanostructures of thallium(III) oxide, respectively. A one-step, room temperature, solution synthesis of thallium(III) oxide nanoparticles with a size of about 10 nm is reported by using potassium superoxide.

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Abbreviations

ITO:

Indium tin oxide

PsucH:

Phenylsuccinic acid

9-HAc:

9-Anthracene carboxylic acid

H2hpt:

5-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)tetrazole

Hbt:

5-Phenyltetrazole

Hbbt:

5-(4-Bromobenzyl)tetrazole

H2bdt:

5,5′-Benzene-1,4-diylbistetrazole

Hbet:

5-(Benzyl)tetrazole)

4-HBN:

4-Hydroxy benzonitrile

HTPOAc:

Triphenylacetic acid

biphOH:

4-Hydroxy biphenyl

2,4-Hdcp:

2,4-Dichlorophenol

3,4-Hdcp:

3,4-Dichlorophenol

2,5-Hdcp:

2,5-Dichlorophenol

2,4,6-Htcp:

Trichlorophenol

2,4-Hbcp:

2-Bromo-4-chlorophenol

2,4-Hcfp:

2-Chloro-4-fluorophenol

4-Hcp:

4-Chlorophenol

4-Hip:

4-Iodophenol

4-Hfp:

4-Fluorophenol

3-np− :

3-Nitrophenoxide

2,4-dnp− :

2,4-Dinitrophenoxide

2,4-Hcfp:

2-Chloro-4-fluorophenol

CpTl:

Cyclopentadienylthallium

Me2Tl(acac):

Dimethylthallium acetylacetonate

Tl(acac):

Thallium acetylacetonate

2D:

Two-dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

1D:

One-dimensional

ITO:

Indium tin oxide

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

bcc:

Body-centered cubic

HRTEM:

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of University of Tehran for this research under grant number 01/1/389845.

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  1. School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Maryam Moeinian & Kamran Akhbari

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  1. Maryam Moeinian
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  2. Kamran Akhbari
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Correspondence to Kamran Akhbari.

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Moeinian, M., Akhbari, K. Various Methods for Synthesis of Bulk and Nano Thallium(III) Oxide. J Inorg Organomet Polym 26, 1–13 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-015-0289-z

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