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Access to Health Services Among Forced Migrants in Tanzania: A Cluster Randomized Cross Sectional Study of 3560 Congolese and Burundian Refugees

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Abstract

Despite significant advances in the understanding of the global burden of surgical disease, limited research focuses on access to health and surgical services among refugees, especially in east Africa. The goal of this study was to describe patterns of access to transportation to health services among Congolese and Burundian refugees in Tanzania. We utilized cluster random sampling to perform a large, cross-sectional study in Nyarugusu refugee camp, Tanzania using an adapted version of the Surgeon Overseas Assessment Tool (SOSAS). We randomly selected 132 clusters out of 1472 clusters, randomly selected two people from all households in those clusters. Data analysis was performed in STATA (Stata Version 16, College Station, TX). A total of 3560 participants were included in the study including 1863 Congolese refugees and 1697 Burundian refugees. The majority of refugees reported they were generally healthy (n = 2792, 79.3%). The most common period of waiting to be seen at the health center was between three and 5 h (n = 1502, 45.8%), and over half of all refugees waited between 3 and 12 h to be seen. There was heterogeneity in other intra-camp referral networks (e.g. to and from traditional healer and hospital). Finally, a low percentage (3%) of participants reported leaving the refugee camp to seek health care elsewhere, and Congolese refugees were more likely to pursue self-referral in this manner. To our knowledge, this is the largest study focused on access to transportation among refugees in Tanzania and sub-Saharan Africa. Most participants reported financial difficulty always affording transportation costs with significant wait times occurring once arrived at the hospital. Our study does suggest that some independent health care seeking did occur outside of the camp-based services. Future research may focus more specifically on barriers to timely servicing of patients and patterns of self-referral.Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence (given name, middle name/initial, family name). Author 1 Given name: [Zachary Obinna] Last Name [Enumah] and Author 2 Given name: [Mohamed Yunus] Last Name [Rafiq]. Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct.Confirmed. 

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Global Surgery Initiative (JHGSI), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Tower 110 Doctor’s Lounge 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA

    Zachary Obinna Enumah, Frank Manyama, Kent Stevens & Joseph Sakran

  2. Department of Anthropology, New York University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China

    Mohamed Yunus Rafiq

  3. Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania

    Omar Juma

  4. Tanzania Red Cross Society, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    Hilary Ngude

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  1. Zachary Obinna Enumah
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Correspondence to Zachary Obinna Enumah.

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Enumah, Z.O., Rafiq, M.Y., Juma, O. et al. Access to Health Services Among Forced Migrants in Tanzania: A Cluster Randomized Cross Sectional Study of 3560 Congolese and Burundian Refugees. J Immigrant Minority Health 25, 115–122 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-022-01387-9

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