Abstract
To understand the relationship between nativity and measures of kidney function including estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Seven waves of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2014) was analyzed. General linear regression methods were used to assess the relationship between eGFR, ACR and nativity (foreign-born vs. US-born). Models were adjusted for length of time in the US, demographic variables, comorbidities, lifestyle factors, and access to healthcare. There were 27,111 individuals representing 217,842,257 US adults included in the study. Approximately 26.1% were immigrants, with 40.4% of immigrants having resided < 15 years in the US. Among immigrants with < 15 years of residence, 51% were Hispanic, and 54.4% had high school or below education. After controlling for demographics and length of time in the US, immigrants were 26% more likely to have an ACR ≥ 30 mg/g (OR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08–1.47); however, after controlling for demographics, length of time, comorbidities, and lifestyle factors the results were no longer significant. Immigrants were significantly less likely to have an eGFR < 60 (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.36–0.50), which remained after adjustment (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61–0.93). Immigrants had significantly lower odds of having an eGFR < 60 compared to US-born adults. Additionally, immigrants with ≥ 15 years in the US had mean eGFR values that were less than immigrants < 15 years in the US, indicating that there is some decrease in kidney function as the length of US residence increases.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Data used for this study is available upon request from LEE.
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic disease overview: chronic diseases – the leading causes of death and disability in the United States. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017.
National Kidney Foundation. About chronic kidney disease. The National Kidney Foundation: New York, NY. 2017. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease. Accessed 16 Jul 2020.
Ward BW, Schiller JS, Goodman RA. Multiple chronic conditions among US adults: a 2012 update. Prev Chronic Dis. 2014;11:E62.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National chronic kidney disease fact sheet, 2017. Atlanta: Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017.
Hoerger TJ, Simpson SA, Yarnoff BO, Pavkov ME, Burrows NR, Saydah SH, Williams DE, Zhuo X. The future burden of CKD in the United States: a simulation model for the CDC CKD initiative. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65(3):403–11.
National Kidney Foundation. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR). New York: National Kidney Foundation; 2017.
National Kidney Foundation. ACR. New York: National Kidney Foundation; 2017.
National Kidney Foundation. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Off J Int Soc Nephrol. 2013;3(1):1–150.
National Kidney Foundation. Are you at increased risk for Chronic Kidney Disease? (CKD). New York: National Kidney Foundation; 2017.
Honeycutt AA, Segel JE, Zhou X, Hoerger TJ, Imai K, Williams D. Medical costs of CKD in the medicare population. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24:1478–83.
Crews DC, Plantinga LC, Miller ER, Saran R, Hedgeman E, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in persons with undiagnosed or prehypertension in the United States. Hypertension. 2010;55(5):1102–9.
López G, Bialik K. Key findings about U.S. immigrants. FACTANK, Pew Research Center: Washington, DC. 2017. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/03/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/. Accessed 16 Jul 2020.
Commodore-Mensah Y, Ukonu N, Obissesan O, Aboagye JK, Agyemang C, Reilly CM, Dunbar SB, Okosun IS. Length of residence in the United States is associated with a higher prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in immigrants: a contemporary analysis of the National Health Interview Survey. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(11):e004059.
Lee S, O’Neill AH, Ihara ES, Chae DH. Change in self-reported health status among immigrants in the United States: associations with measures of acculturation. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10):e76494.
Goldman N, Pebley AR, Creighton MJ, Teruel GM, Rubalcava LN, Chung C. The consequences of migration to the United States for short-term changes in the health of Mexican immigrants. Demography. 2014;51(4):1159–73.
Singh GK, Rodriguez-Lainz A, Kogan MD. Immigrant health inequalities in the United States: use of eight major national data systems. Sci World J. 2013;2013:1–21.
Camarota SA, Zeigler K. Immigrants in the United States: a profile of the foreign-born using 2014 and 2015 Census Bureau data. Center for Immigration Studies. Washington, DC. 2016. https://cis.org/sites/cis.org/files/immigrant-profile_0.pdf. Accessed 16 Jul 2020.
Chi JT, Handcock MS. Identifying sources of health care underutilization among California’s immigrants. J Racial Ethn Health Dispar. 2014;1(3):207–18.
Choi JY. Negotiating old and new ways: contextualizing adapted health-care seeking behaviors of Korean immigrants in Hawaii. Ethn Health. 2013;18(4):350–66.
Cervantes L, Tuot D, Raghavan R, Linas S, Zoucha J, et al. Association of emergency-only vs standard hemodialysis with mortality and health care use among undocumented immigrants with end-stage renal disease. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(2):188–95.
Lora CM, Daviglus ML, Kusek JW, Porter A, Ricardo AC, Go AS, Lash JP. Chronic kidney disease in United States Hispanics: a growing public health problem. Ethn Dis. 2009;19(4):466–72.
Parsa A, Kao L, Xie D, Astor BC, Li M, et al. APOL1 risk variants, race, and progression of chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(23):2183–96.
Hsu C, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Shlipak MG. Racial differences in the progression from chronic renal insufficiency to end-stage renal disease in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2902–7.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): MEC Laboratory Procedures Manual. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606–13.
Ku L, Matani S. Left out: immigrants’ access to health care and insurance. Health Aff. 2001;20(1):247–56.
Luque JS, Soulen G, Davilla CB, Cartmell K. Access to health care for uninsured Latina immigrants in South Carolina. BMC Helath Serv Res. 2018;18(1):310.
Shaw SJ, Huebner C, Armin J, Orzech K, Vivian J. The role of culture in health literacy and chronic disease screening and management. J Immigr Minority Health. 2009;11(6):460–7.
Shahinian VB, Hedgeman E, Gillespie BW, Young EW, Robinson B, et al. Estimating prevalence of CKD stages 3–5 using health system data. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;61(6):930–8.
Gatwood J, Chisholm-Burns M, Davis R, Thomas F, Potukuchi P, Hung A, Kovesdy CP. Evidence of chronic kidney disease in veterans with incident diabetes mellitus. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(2):e0192712.
Funding
This study was supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (Grant K24DK093699, R01DK118038, R01DK120861, Principal Investigator (PI): Leonard Egede, MD), National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD013826, PI: Egede/Walker), American Diabetes Association (1-19-JDF-075, PI: Walker), and Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin/Clinical Translational Science Award at the Medical College of Wisconsin (UL1TR001436 and KL2TR001438, KL2 PI: Ozieh).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
LEE obtained funding for the study. AZD, RJW, MO and LEE designed the study. EG and LEE acquired and analyzed the data. AZD, EG, RJW, and MO drafted the article. AZD, EG, RJW, MO, and LEE critically revised the manuscript for intellectual content. All authors approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dawson, A.Z., Garacci, E., Ozieh, M. et al. The Relationship Between Immigration Status and Chronic Kidney Disease Risk Factors in Immigrants and US-Born Adults. J Immigrant Minority Health 22, 1200–1207 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-020-01054-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-020-01054-x