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Cervical Cancer Screening Among Immigrant and Refugee Women: Scoping-Review and Directions for Future Research

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explore existing research on determinants of cervical cancer screening among immigrants and refugees in the U.S. A scoping review was conducted on 77 studies targeting immigrant and/or refugee women in the U.S., investigating factors related to cervical cancer screening. Sixty-three percent of studies were conducted in the past ten years, and included 122,345 women. Studies predominately explored knowledge, beliefs and barriers related to cervical cancer and screening. Common beliefs included fear of cancer, treatment and death. Participants perceived pap smears to be associated with embarrassment, pain and fear. Barriers to screening were reported in three categories: psychosocial (shame and embarrassment), communication (inability to speak in English), and barriers related to access (lack of insurance or primary care provider). Study findings indicate research focused at the individual-level and future research should focus on exploring multilevel influences on cancer screening uptake.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the support the National Institutes of Health Library staff for curating our search strategy. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Cancer Institute’s research training fellowships for supporting us during this work.

Funding

This study was conducted when all authors were supported through research fellowships at the Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official positions of the National Cancer Institute or National Institutes of Health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1 University of New Mexico, 2325 Camino de Salud, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA

    Prajakta Adsul

  2. Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA

    Hamdi I. Abdi

  3. PKD Foundation, Kansas City, MO, USA

    Elise Hoover

  4. Touro University Nevada, Henderson, NV, USA

    Sarah E. Fagan

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  1. Hamdi I. Abdi
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  2. Elise Hoover
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Appendix A: Search Strategies

Appendix A: Search Strategies

PubMed Search Strategy

(refugees[majr] OR refugee[tiab] OR refugees[tiab] OR emigrants and immigrants[majr] OR immigrant*[tiab] OR newcomer*[tiab])


AND


(uterine cervical neoplasms[mesh] OR “cervical neoplasm”[tiab] OR “cervical neoplasms”[tiab] OR “cervical cancer”[tiab] OR “cervical cancers”[tiab] OR “cervical tumor”[tiab] OR “cervical tumors”[tiab] OR cervical[ti] OR cervix[ti])


AND


(mass screening[mesh] OR screen*[tiab] OR early detection of cancer[mesh] OR detect*[tiab] OR papanicolaou test[mesh] OR “pap test”[tiab] OR “pap tests”[tiab] OR preventive health services[mesh] OR prevent*[tiab] OR "prevention and control" [subheading]) Date Filters: English

EMBASE Search Strategy

('refugee'/exp/mj OR refugee:ti,ab OR refugees:ti,ab OR 'immigrant'/exp/mj OR immigrant*:ti,ab OR newcomer*:ti,ab)


AND


('uterine cervix tumor'/exp/mj OR 'cervical neoplasm':ti,ab OR 'cervical neoplasms':ti,ab OR 'cervical cancer':ti,ab OR 'cervical cancers':ti,ab OR 'cervical tumor':ti,ab OR 'cervical tumors':ti,ab OR cervical:ti OR cervix:ti)


AND


('screening'/exp/mj OR screen*:ti,ab OR 'early cancer diagnosis'/exp/mj OR detect*:ti,ab OR 'papanicolaou test'/exp/mj OR 'pap test':ti,ab OR 'pap tests':ti,ab OR 'preventive health service'/exp/mj OR prevent*:ti,ab).


AND


[english]/lim

PsycINFO Search Strategy

((abstract: ("cervical neoplasm") OR abstract: ("cervical neoplasms") OR abstract: ("cervical cancer") OR abstract: ("cervical cancers") OR abstract: ("cervical tumor") OR abstract: ("cervical tumors")) OR (title: (cervical) OR title: (cervix)))


AND


((abstract: (screen*) OR abstract: (detect*) OR abstract: ("papanicolaou test") OR abstract: ("pap test") OR abstract: ("pap tests") OR abstract: (prevent*)))


AND


((Index Terms: (refugees)) OR (abstract: (refugee) OR abstract: (refugees) OR abstract: (immigrant*) OR abstract: (newcomer*)

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Abdi, H.I., Hoover, E., Fagan, S.E. et al. Cervical Cancer Screening Among Immigrant and Refugee Women: Scoping-Review and Directions for Future Research. J Immigrant Minority Health 22, 1304–1319 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-020-01014-5

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