Abstract
Hospital websites are an important resource to patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) seeking information about a facility’s language assistance services. We sought to identify the types of such services described on hospital websites in a diverse state and compare them by hospital characteristics. Washington State acute care hospital websites were systematically reviewed in February 2018 for translated content and information about language assistance services. Hospital characteristics included annual admissions and revenue, bed size and the proportion of populations with LEP in the hospital’s county. Of 93 hospitals, 10.8% provided translated websites. Interpreter services were mentioned on 81.7% of websites; access required navigation through 1–4 English webpages. Larger bed-size, higher revenue, and more admissions were positively associated with providing language services information (p < 0.01), whereas county-level population with LEP was not (p = 0.17). Many hospital websites are not translated or lack easily accessible information about language assistance services and consequently may not be a useful resource to patients with LEP.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

References
Pandya C, McHugh M, Batalova J. Limited English proficient individuals in the United States: number, share, growth, and linguistic diversity. Migration Policy Institute: LEP Data Brief; 2011.
Batalova J, Zong J. Language diversity and English proficiency in the United States. Migr Inform Source. 2016;14:2017.
Jang Y, Kim MT. Limited English proficiency and health service use in Asian Americans. J Immigr Minor Health. 2019;21(2):264–70.
Njeru JW, St. Sauver JL, Jacobson DJ, Ebbert JO, Takahashi PY, Fan C, et al. Emergency department and inpatient health care utilization among patients who require interpreter services. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15(1):214.
Ngai KM, Grudzen CR, Lee R, Tong VY, Richardson LD, Fernandez A. The association between limited English proficiency and unplanned emergency department revisit within 72 hours. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;68(2):213–21.
Derose KP, Baker DW. Limited English proficiency and Latinos’ use of physician services. Med Care Res Rev. 2000;57(1):76–91.
Sarver J, Baker DW. Effect of language barriers on follow-up appointments after an emergency department visit. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(4):256–64.
Columbia Legal Services. Access denied: Washington’s Charity Care System, its shortfalls, and the effect on low-income patients. Seattle, WA: Columbia Legal Services; 2017.
Washington State Legislature, Concerning state charity care law (SB 6273 - 2017-18), 2018.
Jacobs E, Chen AH, Karliner LS, Agger-Gupta N, Mutha S. The need for more research on language barriers in health care: a proposed research agenda. Milbank Q. 2006;84(1):111–33.
Sentell T, Braun KL. Low health literacy, limited English proficiency, and health status in Asians, Latinos, and other racial/ethnic groups in California. J Health Commun. 2012;17(3):82–99.
Sangaramoorthy T, Guevara EM. Immigrant health in rural Maryland: a qualitative study of major barriers to health care access. J Immigr Minor Health. 2017;19(4):939–46.
Kreuter MW, Farrell DW, Olevitch LR, Brennan LK. Tailoring health messages: customizing communication with computer technology. London: Routledge; 2013.
Title VI of the civil rights act of 1964. https://www.justice.gov/crt/title-vi-civil-rights-act-1964-42-usc-2000d-et-seq
Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563, (1974).
Affordable Care Act of 2010. Section 1557: ensuring meaningful access for individuals with limited English proficiency. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/1557-fs-lep-508.pdf.
Executive order no. 13166, Improving access to services for persons with limited English proficiency, and resulting agency guidance, national origin discrimination includes discrimination because of limited English proficiency (LEP). 3 CFR 13166 (2000).
Nondiscrimination in Health Programs and Activities. 2016. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/05/18/2016-11458/nondiscrimination-in-health-programs-and-activities.
Fox S, Duggan M. Pew Research Center Internet Project. 2013. https://www.pewinternet.org/2013/01/15/health-online-2013.
Jin LX, Ibrahim AM, Newman NA, Makarov DV, Pronovost PJ, Makary MA. Robotic surgery claims on United States hospital websites. J Healthc Qual. 2011;33(6):48–52.
Kincaid ML, Fleisher LA, Neuman MD. Presentation on US hospital websites of risks and benefits of transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedures. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(3):440–1.
United States Census Bureau. 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. 2016.
United States Census Bureau. American Community Survey 1-year estimates detailed tables, 2018.
Washington State Office of Financial Management. Limited English proficiency population estimate methodology. https://www.ofm.wa.gov/sites/default/files/public/legacy/pop/subject/ofm_pop_limited_english_proficiency_methodology.pdf.
Cuzick J. A Wilcoxon-type test for trend. Stat Med. 1985;4(1):87–90.
Das P, Kuznetsova A, Zhu M, Milanaik R. Dangers of machine translation: the need for professionally translated anticipatory guidance resources for limited English proficiency caregivers. Clin Pediatr. 2019;58(2):247–9.
Panayiotou A, Gardner A, Williams S, Zucchi E, Mascitti-Meuter M, Goh AM, et al. Language translation apps in health care settings: expert opinion. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019;7(4):e11316.
Patil S, Davies P. Use of Google translate in medical communication: evaluation of accuracy. BMJ. 2014;349:g7392.
Office for Civil Rights (OCR), Office of the Secretary, United States Department of Health and Human Services. Proposed rule: nondiscrimination in health and health education programs or activities (84 FR 27846), RIN 0945-AA11; 2019.
Wang BB, Wan TTH, Burke DE, Bazzoli GJ, Lin BYJ. Factors influencing health information system adoption in American hospitals. Health Care Manage Rev. 2005;30(1):44–51.
López L, Rodriguez F, Huerta D, Soukup J, Hicks L. Use of interpreters by physicians for hospitalized limited English proficient patients and its impact on patient outcomes. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(6):783–9.
Taira BR. Improving communication with patients with limited English proficiency. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(5):605–6.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to acknowledge Kylie Glover for her assistance with data collection for this study. This project was funded in part by a Grant from the Health Equity Research Center, a strategic research initiative of Washington State University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Graves, J.M., Moore, M., Gonzalez, C. et al. Too Little Information: Accessibility of Information About Language Services on Hospital Websites. J Immigrant Minority Health 22, 433–438 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-020-00978-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-020-00978-8
Keywords
- Hospital
- Internet
- Language
- Access
- Equity
- Website