Abstract
Farmworker family members risk poor mental health due to stressors including poverty, relocation, and documentation status. This paper explores the relationship between farm-work related stressors and depressive symptoms in women of Latino farmworker families. 248 mothers of young children completed fixed-response interviews in Spanish. Measures included the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, Migrant Farmworker Stress Inventory, and USDA Household Food Security Survey Module. Bivariate analyses indicated greater depressive symptoms with more economic hardship, more farm work-related stressors, greater age, and being unmarried. In multivariable logistic regression, economic hardship remained the only factor associated with depressive symptoms. Greater economic hardship, but not general farm work-related stress, is a main factor associated with depression in women of Latino farmworker families. Maternal depression can have consequences for both mothers and families. Mental health services for women in farmworker families should be targeted to those with the greatest economic challenges.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, Rush AJ, Walters EE, Wang PS. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289:3095–105.
Morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR). Current depression among adults-United States, 2006 and 2008. Center for Disease Control. Weekly. 2010;59(38):1229–1235. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5938a2.htm?s_cid=mm5938a2_e%0d%0a.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Results from the 2012 national survey on drug use and health: Mental health findings. NSDUH Series H-47, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4805. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013. http://archive.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k12MH_FindingsandDetTables/2K12MHF/NSDUHmhfr2012.htm#sec2-3.
Nolen-Hoeksema S. Gender differences in depression. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2001;10(5):173–6.
Piccinelli M, Wilkinson G. Gender differences in depression. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;177:486–92.
Belle D, Doucet J. Poverty, inequality and discrimination as sources of depression among U.S. women. Psychol Women Q. 2003;27(2):101–13.
Eamon MK, Zuehl RM. Maternal depression and physical punishment as mediators of the effect of poverty on socioemotional problems of children in single-mother families. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2001;71(2):218–26.
DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD. Income and poverty in the United States: 2013. Current Population Reports. U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration. U.S. Census Bureau. 2014. P60-249. http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf.
Bloom B, Jones L, Freeman G. Summary health statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2012. Vital and Health Statistics. 2013. DHHS Publication No. 2014–1586, Series 10, No. 258.
Newland RP, Crnic KA, Cox MJ, Mills-Koonce W. The family model stress and maternal psychological symptoms: mediated pathways from economic hardship to parenting. J Fam Psychol. 2013;27(1):96–105.
Amato PR, Zuo J. Rural poverty, urban poverty, and psychological well-being. Sociol Q. 1992;33:229–40.
Barnett MA. Economic disadvantage in complex family systems: expansion of family stress models. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2008;11(3):145–61.
Conger RD, Conger KJ, Elder GH, Lorenz FO, Simons RL, Whitbeck LB. A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys. Child Dev. 1992;63(3):526–41.
Courtney M, Dworsky A. Economic hardships and food insecurity: findings from the Milwaukee TANF applicant study. University of Chicago, Chapin Hall Working Paper, 2006.
Quandt SA, Arcury TA, Early J, Tapia J, Davis JD. Household food security among migrant and seasonal Latino farmworkers in North Carolina. Public Health Rep. 2004;119(6):568–76.
Quandt SA, Shoaf JI, Tapia J, Hernández-Pelletier M, Clark HM, Arcury TA. Experiences of Latino immigrant families in North Carolina help explain elevated levels of food insecurity and hunger. J Nutr. 2006;136(10):2638–44.
Ip EH, Saldana S, Arcury TA, Grzywacz JG, Trejo G, Quandt SA. Profiles of food security for US farmworker households and factors related to dynamic of change. Am J Public Health. In press.
Hill GH, Moloney AG, Mize T, Himelick T, Jodie GL. Prevalence and predictors of food insecurity in migrant farmworkers in Georgia. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(5):831–3.
Wiggins MF. Farm labor and the struggle for justice in the Eastern United States. In: Arcury TA, Quandt SA, editors. Latino farmworkers in the Eastern United States: health, safety, and justice. New York: Springer; 2009. p. 201–20.
Hovey JD, Magaña CG. Acculturative stress, anxiety, and depression among Mexican immigrant farmworkers in the Midwest United States. J Immigr Health. 2000;2(3):119–31.
Arcury TA, Quandt SA. Delivery of health services to migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Annu Rev Public Health. 2007;28:345–63.
Carroll DJ, Samardick R, Bernard S, Gabbard S, Hernandez T. Findings from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS) 2001–2002: a demographic and employment profile of United States farm workers (Report 9). Washington: US Department of Labor, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy; 2005.
Hiott AE, Grzywacz JG, Arcury TA, Quandt SA. Gender differences in anxiety and depression and anxiety among immigrant Latinos. Fam Syst Health. 2006;24(2):137–46.
Vega W, Warheit G, Palacio R. Psychiatric symptomatology among Mexican American farmworkers. Soc Sci Med. 1985;20(1):39–45.
Grzywacz JG, Quandt SA, Chen H, Isom S, Kiang L, Vallejos Q, Arcury TA. Depressive symptoms among Latino farmworkers across the agricultural season: structural and situational influences. Cultur Divers Ethn Minor Psychol. 2010;16(3):335–43.
Arcury TA, Marín AJ. Latino/Hispanic farmworkers and farm work in the Eastern United States: the context for health, safety, and justice. In: Arcury TA, Quandt SA, editors. Latino farmworkers in the Eastern United States: health, safety, and justice. New York: Springer; 2009. p. 15–36.
de Leon Sianta ML. Correlates of maternal depression among Mexican-American migrant farmworker mothers. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 1990;3(1):9–13.
Dietz LJ, Jennings KD, Kelley SA, Marshal M. Maternal depression, paternal psychopathology, and toddlers’ behavior problems. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2009;38(1):48–61.
Larson AC. Migrant and seasonal farmworker enumeration profile study. http://www.ncfhp.org/Data/Sites/1/documents/journal-articles/nc-msfw-enumeration-study-bph-hrsa-2000.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2015.
US Department of Labor. Who are migrant and seasonal farmworkers? Employment and training administration. USDOL. 2014. http://www.doleta.gov/programs/who_msfw.cfm. Accessed 17 Sept 2014.
Lichter DT, Parisi D, Taquino MC, Grice SM. Residential segregation in new Hispanic destinations: cities, suburbs, and rural communities compared. Soc Sci Res. 2010;39(2):215–30.
Arcury TA, Quandt SA. Participant recruitment for qualitative research: a site-based approach to community research in complex societies. Human Organ. 1999;58:28–133.
Faugier J, Sargeant M. Sampling hard to reach populations. J Adv Nurs. 1997;26:790–7.
Muhib FB, Lin LS, Stueve A, Miller RL, Ford WL, Johnson WD, Smith PJ. A venue-based method for sampling hard-to-reach populations. Public Health Rep. 2001;116(suppl 1):216–22.
Parrado EA, McQuiston C, Flippen CA. Participatory survey research: integrating community collaboration and quantitative methods for the study of gender and HIV risks among Hispanic migrants. Sociol Methods Res. 2005;34(2):204–39.
Arcury TA, Grzywacz JG, Talton JW, Chen H, Vallejos QM, Galván L, Barr DB, Quandt SA. Repeated pesticide expsoure among North Carolina migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Am J Ind Med. 2010;53:802–13.
Quandt SA, Grzywacz JG, Marín A, Carrillo L, Coates ML, Burke B, Arcury TA. Illnesses and injuries reported by Latino poultry workers in Western North Carolina. Am J Ind Med. 2006;49:343–51.
Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385.
Grzywacz JG, Hovey JD, Seligman LD, Arcury TA, Quandt SA. Evaluating short-form versions of the CES-D for measuring depressive symptoms among Immigrants from Mexico. Hisp J Behav Sci. 2006;28:404–24.
Bickel G, Nord M, Price C, Hamilton W, Cook J. Measuring food security in the United States. Guide to measuring household food security: Revised 2000. Alexandria, VA: United States Department of Agriculture. Food and Nutrition Service. Office of Analysis, Nutrition, and Evaluation. 2000.
Harrison GG, Stormer A, Herman DR, Winham DM. Development of a Spanish-language version of the U.S. household food security survey module. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1192–7.
Nord M, Coleman-Jensen A, Gregory C. Prevalence of U.S. food insecurity is related to changes in unemployment, inflation, and the price of food. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. ERS Report Number 167. 2014.
Hovey JD. Correlates of migrant farmworker stress among migrant farmworkers in Michigan. Migr Health Newsline. 2001;18(4):5–6.
Hiott AE, Grzywacz JG, Davis SW, Quandt SA, Arcury TA. Migrant farmworker stress: mental health implications. J Rural Health. 2008;24(1):32–9.
Pratt L, Brody D. Depression in the U.S. household population, 2009–2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2014; 172:1–8. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db172.pdf.
Borrell C, Muntaner C, Benach J, Artazcoz L. Social class and self-reported health status among men and women: what is the role of work organization, household material standards and household labour? Soc Sci Med. 2004;58:1869–87.
Farm Labor: Background. National Agricultural Worker Survey. United States Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. 2014. http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-labor/background.aspx. Accessed 26 Sept 2014.
Guendelman S, Malin C, Herr-Harthorn B, Vargas PN. Orientations to motherhood and male partner support among women in Mexico and Mexican-origin women in the United States. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52:1805–13.
The National Agricultural Workers Survey. Chapter 3: Income and poverty. United States Department of Labor. Employment and Training Administration. 2010. http://www.doleta.gov/agworker/report/ch3.cfm. Accessed 21 Oct 2014.
Carvajal SC, Kibor C, McClelland DJ, Ingram M, Zapien JG, Torres E, Redondo F, Rodriguez K, Rubio-Goldsmith R, Meister J, Rosales C. Stress and social-cultural factors related to health status among US-Mexico border farmworkers. J Immigr Minor Health. 2014;16(6):1176–82.
Sullivan M, Rehm R. Mental health of undocumented Mexican immigrants: a review of the literature. Adv Nurs Sci. 2005;28(3):240–51.
Finch BK, Vega WA. Acculturation stress, social support, and self-rated health among Latinos in California. J Immigr Health. 2003;5(3):109–17.
Crain R, Grzywacz JG, Schwantes M, Isom S, Quandt SA, Arcury TA. Correlates of mental health among Latino farmworkers in North Carolina. J Rural Health. 2012;28(3):277–85.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by a grant from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (RO1 HD059855).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pulgar, C.A., Trejo, G., Suerken, C. et al. Economic Hardship and Depression Among Women in Latino Farmworker Families. J Immigrant Minority Health 18, 497–504 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0229-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0229-6