Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among family harmony, interdependent happiness, harmony in life, and flourishing. The participants consist of 390 university students and employees in Turkey. Participants’ ages range from 18 to 58 years. Data have been collected using the Family Harmony Scale, Interdependent Happiness Scale, Harmony in Life Scale, and Flourishing Scale. The relationships among the scales have been examined using a structural equation model and the bootstrap method. According to the results of the correlation analysis, there were significant positive relationships among family harmony, interdependent happiness, harmony in life, and flourishing. The structural equation model indicated that an increase in family harmony increases interdependent happiness and harmony in life, and an increase in interdependent happiness and harmony in life increases flourishing. The results of the bootstrap analysis confirm the significance of the standardized estimates. The study results reveal understanding family harmony to be able to enhance flourishing due to interdependent happiness and harmony in life. The results, implications, and limitations are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackerman, N. W. (2017). The family approach to marital disorders. Experimentation and Innovation in Psychotherapy. The Free Press.
Ackerman, R. A., Kashy, D. A., Donnellan, M. B., Neppl, T., Lorenz, F. O., & Conger, R. D. (2013). The interpersonal legacy of a positive family climate in adolescence. Psychological Science, 24, 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612447818
Ainsworth, M. S. (1979). Infant–mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34(10), 932–937. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.932
Algoe, S. B., Frederickson, B. L., & Chow, S. M. (2011). The future of emotions research within positive psychology. In K. M. Sheldon, T. B. Kashdan, & M. F. Steger (Eds.), Designing positive psychology: Taking stock and moving forward (pp. 115–132). Oxford University Press.
Aygun, Z. K., & Imamoglu, E. O. (2002). Value domains of Turkish adults and university students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142(3), 333–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603903
Bacanli, H. (2016). Nasıl huzurlu olunur? Benlik açısından huzur modeli [How to be tranquil? Self-model in terms of tranquility]. I. International Congress on Religious-Spiritual Counselling & Care, İstanbul, Turkey.
Bacanli, H. (2020). İnsan başkasıyla insan olur [The human becomes human with another]. Pınar Yayınları.
Bethell, C. D., Gombojav, N., & Whitaker, R. C. (2019). Family resilience and connection promote flourishing among US children, even amid adversity. Health Affairs, 38(5), 729–737. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05425
Baerger, D. R., & McAdams, D. P. (1999). Life story coherence and its relation to psychological well-being. Narrative Inquiry, 9(1), 69–96.
Baumeister, R., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Brown, M., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (s (pp. 136–162). Sage.
Byrne, B. M., Campbell, T., & L. . (1999). Cross-cultural comparisons and the presumption of equivalent measurement and theoretical structure: A look beneath the surface. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 555–574. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022199030005001
Carlquist, E., Ulleberg, P., Delle Fave, A., Nafstad, H. E., & Blakar, R. M. (2017). Everyday understandings of happiness, good life, and satisfaction: Three different facets of well-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12(2), 481–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9472-9
Cheung, R. Y. M., Leung, M. C., Chiu, H. T., Kwan, J. L. Y., Yee, L. T. S., & Hou, W. K. (2019). Family functioning and psychological outcomes in emerging adulthood: Savoring positive experiences as a mediating mechanism. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(9), 2693–2713. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518798499.
Chuang, Y. C. (2005). Effects of interaction pattern on family harmony and well-being: Test of interpersonal theory, Relational-Models theory, and Confucian ethics. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 8(3), 272–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2005.00174.x
Conoley, C. W., & Conoley, J. C. (2009). Positive psychology and family therapy: Creative techniques and practical tools for guiding change and enhancing growth. Wiley.
Conoley, C. W., Plumb, E. W., Hawley, K. J., Spaventa-Vancil, K. Z., & Hernández, R. J. (2015). Integrating positive psychology into family therapy. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(5), 703–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000015575392
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper and Row.
Dambrun, M. (2017). Self-centeredness and selflessness: Happiness correlates and mediating psychological processes. PeerJ, 5, e3306. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3306
Datu, J. A. D., King, R. B., & Valdez, J. P. M. (2016). The benefits of socially-oriented happiness: Validation of the interdependent happiness scale in the Philippines. Child Indicators Research, 9(3), 631–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9333-3.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 49(3), 182. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801.
Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Freire, T., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Wissing, M. P. (2011). The eudaimonic and hedonic components of happiness: Qualitative and quantitative findings. Social Indicators Research, 100(2), 185–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9632-5
Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Wissing, M. P., Araujo, U., Solano, A. C., Freire, T., Hernández-Pozo, M. D. R. J., Paul, M., Tamàs N., Hilde E. N., Jeanne, S., Kamlesh, S-N., & Lawrence (2016). Lay definitions of happiness across nations: The primacy of inner harmony and relational connectedness. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(30), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00030
Demirci, İ. & Ekşi. H. (2018). Keep calm and be happy: A mixed method study from character strengths to well-being. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 18(29), 303–354. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2018.2.0799.
DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 197–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.95.3.542
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 403–425.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276.
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
Diener, M. L., & Diener McGavran, M. B. (2008). What makes people happy?: A developmental approach to the literature on family relationships and well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 347–375). Guilford Press.
Duman-Kula, M., Ekşi, H., & Demirci, İ. (2018). The psychometric properties of the Turkish form of Family Harmony Scale. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.457082.
Ekşi, H., Demirci, İ., & Ses, F. (2017, August). Psychometric features of the Interdependent Happiness Scale (IHS). XIV. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences, Odessa, Ukraine.
Fabes, R., Peterson, G. W., & Steinmetz, S. (2018). Emotions and the family. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315785813
Fredrickson, B. L., & Losada, M. F. (2005). Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. American Psychologist, 60(7), 678–686. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.60.7.678
Freud, S. (1938). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. Garden City Publishing.
Gade, C. B. (2012). What is ubuntu,? Different interpretations among South Africans of African descent. South African Journal of Philosophy, 31(3), 484–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2012.10751789
Garcia, D., Al Nima, A., & Kjell, O. N. (2014). The affective profiles, psychological well-being, and harmony: environmental mastery and self-acceptance predict the sense of a harmonious life. PeerJ, 2(e259). https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.259.
Güngör, D., Karasawa, M., Boiger, M., Dinçer, D., & Mesquita, B. (2014). Fitting in or sticking together: The prevalence and adaptivity of conformity, relatedness, and autonomy in Japan and Turkey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(9), 1374–1389. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114542977
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
Hitokoto, H., & Uchida, Y. (2015). Interdependent happiness: Theoretical importance and measurement validity. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(1), 211–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9505-8.
Hitokoto, H., & Uchida, Y. (2018). Interdependent happiness: Progress and implications. In Close Relationships and Happiness across Cultures (pp. 19–39). Springer, Cham.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, Institutions, organiztions across nations. Sage.
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2005). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (Vol. 2). Mcgraw-hill.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.
Imamoglu, E. O., & Karakitapoglu-Aygun, Z. K. (2004). Self-construals and values in different cultural and socioeconomic contexts. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130(4), 277–306. https://doi.org/10.3200/MONO.130.4.277-306
Ip, P. K. (2014). Harmony as happiness? Social harmony in two Chinese societies. Social Indicators Research, 117(3), 719–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0395-7
Joshanloo, M. (2013). A comparison of Western and Islamic conceptions of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(6), 1857–1874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9406-7
Joshanloo, M. (2014). Eastern conceptualizations of happiness: Fundamental differences with Western views. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(2), 475–493. /https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9431-1.
Kagitcibasi, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959
Kagitcibasi, Ç. (2017). Benlik, aile ve insan gelişim: Kültürel psikoloji. [Family, self, and human development across cultures: Theory and applications]. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. (2004). Self, identity and well-being among Turkish university students. Journal of Psychology, 138, 457–478. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.138.5.457-480
Kavikondala, S., Stewart, S. M., Ni, M. Y., Chan, B. H., Lee, P. H., Li, K. K., Ian McDowell, I., Johnston, J. M., Chan, S. S., Lam, T. H., Lam, W., & W., T., Fielding, R., & Lam, W. W. . (2016). Structure and validity of Family Harmony Scale: An instrument for measuring harmony. Psychological Assessment, 28(3), 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000131
Kitayama, S., Karasawa, M., Curhan, K. B., Ryff, C. D., & Markus, H. R. (2010). Independence and interdependence predict health and wellbeing: Divergent patterns in the United States and Japan. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 163. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00163
Kjell, O. N. E. (2011). Sustainable well-being: A potential synergy between sustainability and well-being research. Review of General Psychology, 15(3), 255.
Kjell, O., & N., E., Daukantaitė, D., Hefferon, K., & Sikström, S. . (2016). The harmony in life scale complements the satisfaction with life scale: Expanding the conceptualization of the cognitive component of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 126(2), 893–919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0903-z
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Krys, K., Zelenski, J. M., Capaldi, C. A., Park, J., van Tilburg, W., van Osch, Y., Haas, B. W., Bond, M., Dominguez-Espinoza, A., Zhu, Z., & Uchida, Y. (2019). Putting the “we” into well-being: Using collectivism-themed measures of well-being attenuates well-being’s association with individualism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22(3), 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12364
Krys, K., Capaldi, C. A., Zelenski, J. M., Park, J., Nader, M., Kocimska-Zych, A., Kwiatkowska, A., Michalski, P., & Uchida, Y. (2021). Family well-being is valued more than personal well-being: A four-country study. Current Psychology, 40(7), 3332–3343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00249-2.
Kwan, V. S. Y., Bond, M. H., & Singelis, T. M. (1997). Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1038–1051. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.1038
Lam, W. W. T., Fielding, R., McDowell, I., Johnston, J., Chan, S., Leung, G. M., & Lam, T. H. (2012). Perspectives on family health, happiness, and harmony (3H) among Hong Kong Chinese people: A qualitative study. Health Education Research, 27(5), 767–779. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cys087
Layous, K., Lee, H., Choi, I., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). Culture matters when designing a successful happiness-increasing activity: A comparison of the United States and South Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 1294–1303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113487591
Lee, Y. C., Lin, Y. C., Huang, C. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). The construct and measurement of peace of mind. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(2), 571–590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9343-5
Li, C. (2008). The philosophy of harmony in classical Confucianism. Philosophy Compass, 3(3), 423–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008.00141.x
Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(3), 269–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-004-8789-5
Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2006). Individual-oriented and socially oriented cultural conceptions of subjective well-being: Conceptual analysis and scale development. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9(1), 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839x.2006.00183.x
Lu, L., Gilmour, R., & Kao, S. (2001). Cultural values and happiness: An east-west dialogue. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141, 477–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540109600566.
MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Grayson, D. (2005). Goodness of Fit in Structural Equation Models. In A. Maydeu-Olivares & J. J. McArdle (Eds.), Multivariate applications book series. Contemporary psychometrics: A festschrift for Roderick P. McDonald (pp. 275–340). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. Harper.
Mayer, B., Trommsdorff, G., Kagitcibasi, C., & Mishra, R. C. (2012). Family models of independence/interdependence and their intergenerational similarity in Germany, Turkey, and India. Family Science, 3(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424620.2011.671503
Minuchin, S. (1998). Where is the family in narrative family therapy? Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 24(4), 397–403.
Morling, B., & Evered, S. (2006). Secondary control reviewed and defined. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 269–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.269
Newland, L. A. (2015). Family well-being, parenting, and child well-being: Pathways to healthy adjustment. Clinical Psychologist, 19(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12059
Nima, A. A., Cloninger, K. M., Persson, B. N., Sikström, S., & Garcia, D. (2020a). Validation of subjective well-being measures using item response theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 3036. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03036
Nima, A. A., Cloninger, K. M., Lucchese, F., Sikström, S., & Garcia, D. (2020b). Validation of a general subjective well-being factor using classical test theory. PeerJ, 8, e9193. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9193
Oyserman, D., & Lee, S. W. S. (2008). Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism. Psychology Bulletin, 134(2), 311–342.
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3
Özdemir, Y. (2012). Ergenlerin öznel iyi oluşlarının özerk, ilişkisel ve özerk ilişkisel benlik kurguları açısından incelenmesi [Examination of adolescent’s subjective well- being in terms of autonomous, relational and autonomous-relational self-construals]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma Ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(38), 188–198.
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Memmott-Elison, M. K., & Nelson, L. J. (2017). Positive relationships as an indicator of flourishing during emerging adulthood. Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (Eds,). Flourishing in emerging adulthood: Positive development during the third decade of life, (pp. 212–236). Oxford University Press.
Preston, K. S. J., Gottfried, A. W., Oliver, P. H., Gottfried, A. E., Delany, D. E., & Ibrahim, S. M. (2016). Positive family relationships: Longitudinal network of relations. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(7), 875–885. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000243
R Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/.
Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well–being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Ryff, C. D. (2013). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
Satici, S. A., & Tekin, E. G. (2017). Harmony in Life Scale-Turkish version: Studies of validity and reliability. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 30: 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-017-0073-9.
Scabini, E. (2016). Family relationships: A long-lasting source of well-being. Community Psychology in Global Perspective, 2(1), 36–51.
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23–74.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. Free Press.
Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Simon & Schuster.
Shin, J. E., Suh, E. M., Eom, K., & Kim, H. S. (2018). What does “happiness” prompt in your mind? Culture, word choice, and experienced happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(3), 649–662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9836-8
Shin, L. J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). Increasing well-being in independent and interdependent cultures. In M. A. Warren & S. I. Donaldson (Eds.), Scientific advances in positive psychology (pp. 11–36). Praeger.
Shin, L. J., Layous, K., Choi, I., Na, S., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2019). Good for self or good for others? The well-being benefits of kindness in two cultures depend on how the kindness is framed. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1–11,. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1651894.
Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593
Steel, P., Taras, V., Uggerslev, K., & Bosco, F. (2018). The happy culture: A theoretical, meta-analytic, and empirical review of the relationship between culture and wealth and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(2), 128–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868317721372
Telef, B. B. (2013). Psikolojik iyi oluş ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 374–384.
Thomas, P. A., Liu, H., & Umberson, D. (2017). Family Relationships and Well-Being. Innovation in Aging, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx025.
Turkish Statistical Institute. (2017). Yaşam Memnuniyeti Araştırması, 2016 [Life Satisfaction Research, 2016]. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24641.
Uchida, Y., & Kitayama, S. (2009). Happiness and unhappiness in east and west: Themes and variations. Emotion, 9(4), 441–456. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015634
Uchida, Y., & Ogihara, Y. (2012). Personal or interpersonal construal of happiness: A cultural psychological perspective. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(4), 354–369. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v2.i4.5
Uchida, Y., Ogihara, Y., & Fukushima, S. (2015). Cultural construal of wellbeing–Theories and empirical evidence. In Glatzer, W., Camfield, L., Møller, V., & Rojas, M. (Eds.). Global Handbook of Quality of Life (pp. 823–837). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9178-6.
Uchida, Y., & Oishi, S. (2016). The happiness of individuals and the collective. Japanese Psychological Research, 58(1), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12103
Walker, H. (2015). Joy within tranquility: Amazonian Urarina styles of happiness. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 5(3), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.14318/hau5.3.010.
Wissing, M. P., Schutte, L., & Fadiji, A. W. (2019). Cultures of positivity: Interconnectedness as a way of being. In I. Eloff (Ed.), Handbook of Quality of Life in African Societies (pp. 3–22). Springer.
Wong, P. T. P. (2011). Positive psychology 2.0: Towards a balanced interactive model of the good life. Canadian Psychology 52(2), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022511.
Wong, P. T., & Bowers, V. (2018). Mature happiness and global wellbeing in difficult times. In N. R. Silton (Ed.), Scientific concepts behind happiness, kindness, and empathy in contemporary society (pp. 112–134). IGI Global.
Yap, P. M. E. H., & Tan, B. H. (2011). Families’ experience of harmony and disharmony in systemic psychotherapy and its effects on family life. Journal of Family Therapy, 33(3), 302–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2011.00543.x
Yap, P. M. E. H., & Foo, M. T. S. (2020). Clients’ perspectives on therapists who build family and personal harmony. Journal of Family Therapy, 42(2), 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12265
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Ethical Statement
The author declared that all the procedures of the study was conducted in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration. Voluntary participation, anonymity, and informed consent were ensured for all participants and there was no experimental manipulation involved in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Demirci, İ. Family Harmony and Flourishing in Turkey: The Roles of Interdependent Happiness and Harmony in Life. J Happiness Stud 23, 985–1005 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00437-7
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00437-7