Abstract
Existing studies have demonstrated that well-being catalyzes key learning outcomes. However, previous investigations concentrated on examining the link of subjective well-being dimensions such as positive affect and life satisfaction to academic achievement, motivation, and engagement. Also, limited research has been done to examine how flourishing may relate to positive academic outcomes. The present research filled this gap through assessing the extent to which flourishing may be associated with various types of achievement goal-orientation (i.e., mastery-approach goals, mastery-avoidance goals, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals) and academic delay of gratification among 487 undergraduate students in the Philippine setting. Results of structural equation modeling showed that flourishing was associated with higher levels of academic delay of gratification and mastery approach goals. Flourishing was also linked to higher degree of performance-approach, mastery-avoidance, and performance avoidance goals. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bembenutty, H. (2011). Academic delay of gratification and academic achievement. New Directions for Teaching and Learning,126, 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.444.
Bembenutty, H., & Karabenick, S. A. (1998). Academic delay of gratification. Learning and Individual Differences,10, 329–346.
Cheng, R. W., & Lam, S. F. (2013). The interaction between social goals and self-construal on achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology,38, 136–148.
Coffey, J. K., Wray-Lake, L., Mashek, D., & Branand, B. (2016). A longitudinal examination of a multidimensional well-being model in college and community samples. Journal of Happiness Studies,17, 187–211.
Cummins, R. (2003). Normative life satisfaction: Measurement issues and a homeostatic model. Social Indicators Research, 64, 225–256.
Datu, J. A. D. (2017). Peace of mind, academic motivation, and academic achievement in Filipino high school students. Spanish Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2017.19.
Datu, J. A. D. (2018). Flourishing is associated with higher academic achievement and engagement in Filipino undergraduate and high school students. Journal of Happiness Studies,19, 27–39.
Datu, J. A. D., & King, R. B. (2018). Subjective well-being is reciprocally associated with academic engagement: A two-wave longitudinal study. Journal of School Psychology,69, 100–110.
Datu, J. A. D., King, R. B., & Valdez, J. P. M. (2017). The academic rewards of socially-oriented happiness: Interdependent happiness promotes engagement. Journal of School Psychology,61, 19–31.
Datu, J. A. D., King, R. B., & Valdez, J. P. M. (2018). Psychological capital bolsters motivation, engagement, and achievement: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Journal of Positive Psychology,13, 260–270.
Datu, J. A. D., & Reyes, J. A. S. (2015). The dark side of possessing power: Power reduces happiness in a collectivist context. Social Indicators Research,124, 981–991.
Datu, J. A. D., Valdez, J. P. M., & King, R. B. (2016). The successful life of gritty students: Grit leads to optimal educational and well-being outcomes in a collectivist context. In R. B. King & A. B. I. Bernardo (Eds.), The psychology of Asian learners: A festschrift in honor of David Watkins (pp. 503–516). Singapore: Springer Asia.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment,49, 71–75.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology,54, 403–425.
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., et al. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research,97, 143–156.
Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (2001). A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,80, 501–519.
Elliot, A. J., & Murayama, K. (2008). On the measurement of achievement goals: Critique, illustration, and application. Journal of Educational Psychology,100, 613–628.
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300–319.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226.
Gignac, G. E., & Szodorai, E. (2016). Effect size guidelines for individual differences researchers. Personality and Individual Differences,102, 74–78.
Harackiewicz, J. M., Barron, K. E., Pintrich, P. R., Elliott, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Revision of achievement goal theory: Necessary and illuminating. Journal of Educational Psychology,94, 638–645.
Hefferon, K. (2011). Positive psychology: Theory, research and applications. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Heffner, A. L., & Antaramian, S. P. (2016). The role of life satisfaction in predicting student engagement and achievement. Journal of Happiness Studies,17, 1681–1701.
Hone, L., Jarden, A., & Schofield, G. (2014). Psychometric properties of the flourishing in a New Zealand sample. Social Indicators Research,119, 1031–1045.
Howell, A. J. (2009). Flourishing: Achievement-related correlates of students’ well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology,4, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802043459.
Isen, A. M., & Reeve, J. M. (2005). The influence of positive affect on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Facilitating enjoyment of play, responsible work behavior, and self-control. Motivation and Emotion,29, 297–325.
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,82, 1007–1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007.
King, R. B., & McInerney, D. M. (2014). Culture’s consequences on student motivation: Capturing universality and specificity through personal investment theory. Educational Psychologist,49, 175–198.
Kristjánsson, K. (2012). Positive psychology and positive education: Old wine in new bottles? Educational Psychologist,47, 86–105.
Lewis, A. D., Huebner, E. S., Malone, P. S., & Valois, R. F. (2011). Life satisfaction and student engagement in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,40, 249–262.
Lewis, A. D., Huebner, E. S., Reschly, A. L., & Valois, R. F. (2009). The incremental validity of positive emotions in predicting school functioning. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment,27, 397–408.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2004). Models of agency: Sociocultural diversity in the construction of action. In V. Murphy-Berman & J. J. Berman (Eds.), Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self (pp. 1–57). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Ng, Z. J., Huebner, E., & Hills, K. J. (2015). Life satisfaction and academic performance in early adolescents: Evidence for reciprocal association. Journal of School Psychology,53, 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2015.09.004.
Nickerson, C., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (2011). Positive affect and college success. Journal of Happiness Studies,12, 717–746.
Ouweneel, E., Le Blanc, P. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2011). Flourishing students: A longitudinal study on positive emotions, personal resources, and study engagement. The Journal of Positive Psychology,6(2), 142–153.
Podsakoff, P., MacKenzie, S., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology,88, 879–903.
Reschly, A. L., Huebner, E. S., Appleton, J. J., & Antaramian, S. (2008). Engagement as flourishing: The contribution of positive emotions and coping to adolescents’ engagement at school and with learning. Psychology in the Schools,45(5), 419–431.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57, 1069–1081.
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models. Methods of Psychological Research Online,8, 23–74.
Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology. An introduction. The American Psychologist,55, 5.
Seligman, M. E. P., Ernst, R. M., Gillham, J., Reivich, K., & Linkins, M. (2009). Positive education: Positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Review of Education,35, 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980902934563.
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist,60, 410–421.
Shoshani, A., Steinmetz, S., & Kanat-Maymon, Y. (2016). Effects of the Maytiv positive psychology school program on early adolescents’ well-being, engagement, and achievement. Journal of School Psychology,57, 73–92.
Silva, A. J., & Caetano, A. (2013). Validation of the flourishing scale and scale of positive and negative experience in Portugal. Social Indicators Research,110, 469–478.
Singh, K., & Junnarkar, M. (2015). Correlates and predictors of positive mental health for school going children. Personality and Individual Differences,76, 82–87.
Sumi, K. (2014). Reliability and validity of Japanese versions of the flourishing scale and the scale of positive and negative experience. Social Indicators Research,118, 601–615.
Vignoles, V. L., Owe, E., Becker, M., Smith, P. B., Easterbrook, M. J., Brown, R., et al. (2016). Beyond the ‘east-west’ dichotomy: Global variations in cultural models of self-hood. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,145, 966–1000.
Villavicencio, F. T., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2013). Positive academic emotions moderate the relationship between self-regulation and achievement. British Journal of Educational Psychology,83, 329–340.
Villavicencio, F. T., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2016). Beyond math anxiety: Positive emotions predict mathematics achievement, self-regulation and self-efficacy. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher,25, 415–422.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Datu, J.A.D., Labarda, C.E. & Salanga, M.G.C. Flourishing is Associated with Achievement Goal Orientations and Academic Delay of Gratification in a Collectivist Context. J Happiness Stud 21, 1171–1182 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00122-w
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00122-w