Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Examining Psychosocial Pathways Underlying Gratitude Interventions: A Randomized Controlled Trial

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Happiness Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite their unprecedented popularity, the psychological mechanisms through which gratitude journals operate are poorly understood. Also the use of gratitude journaling to enhance social relationships has been neglected in past research, despite the importance of healthy relationships for people’s happiness. This randomized controlled study examined the effect of (a) a traditional gratitude journal (fostering gratitude for daily life), and (b) an interpersonal gratitude journal (fostering gratitude for one’s existing social relationships), versus (c) an active control journal, on life satisfaction. Ninety-one participants were randomized to one of three conditions with 2-week and 1-month follow-ups. The traditional gratitude intervention (vs. control) showed improvements in friendship at immediate post-test and 1-month follow-up, and these effects were accounted for by changes in gratitude over time. Additionally, the traditional gratitude intervention (vs. control) predicted enhanced life satisfaction at follow-up, and this was serially mediated by 6 week changes in gratitude and perceived friendship quality. No such differences over time were observed between the interpersonal gratitude intervention and either the control intervention or the traditional gratitude intervention. Actively appreciating things in daily life appears to be effective in enhancing the quality of people’s social relationships, and producing sustained improvements in subjective wellbeing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Schulz et al. (2010)

Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. As positive affect has been used as an outcome of happiness/subjective wellbeing in past studies, changes were examined over time. This revealed a significant effect of time, F(1, 166) = 5.48, p = 0.006. Post-hoc analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the mean scores at baseline and immediate post-test (mean difference = − 1.15, p < 0.001) and baseline and one-month follow-up only (mean difference = − 0.899, p = 0.003), indicating a steady increase in positive affect across time. There was no evidence of a Condition × Time interaction, F(4, 166) = 0.659, p = 0.621.

  2. The PROCESS macro employs list-wise deletion based on each variable in the model. Although in many cases this is not optimal, for the present study it was acceptable as it led to the exclusion of < 5% of cases, therefore the presented data were derived from the complete cases only.

References

  • Algoe, S. (2012). Find, remind, and bind: The functions of gratitude in everyday relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(6), 455–469. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00439.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Algoe, S. B., Fredrickson, B. L., & Gable, S. L. (2013). The social functions of the emotion of gratitude via expression. Emotion, 13(4), 605–609. doi:10.1037/a0032701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Algoe, S. B., Gable, S. L., & Maisel, N. C. (2010). It's the little things: Everyday gratitude as a booster shot for romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 17(2), 217–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Algoe, S. B., & Haidt, J. (2009). Witnessing excellence in action: The ‘other praising’emotions of elevation, gratitude, and admiration. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(2), 105–127. doi:10.1080/17439760802650519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Algoe, S. B., Haidt, J., & Gable, S. L. (2008). Beyond reciprocity: Gratitude and relationships in everyday life. Emotion, 8(3), 425–429. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00439.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Algoe, S. B., & Stanton, A. L. (2012). Gratitude when it is needed most: Social functions of gratitude in women with metastatic breast cancer. Emotion, 12(1), 163–168. doi:10.1037/a0024024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, M. Y., Condon, P., Cruz, J., Baumann, J., & Desteno, D. (2012). Gratitude: Prompting behaviours that build relationships. Cognition and Emotion, 26(1), 2–13. doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.561297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertocci, P. A., & Millard, R. M. (1963). Personality and the good: Psychological and ethical perspectives. New York: David McKay Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676–684. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., Gottlieb, B. H., & Underwood, L. G. (2000). Social relationships and health. New York: Oxford.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., & Janicki-Deverts, D. (2009). Can we improve our physical health by altering our social networks? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(4), 375–378. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01141.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cyranowski, J. M., Zill, N., Bode, R., Butt, Z., Kelly, M. A., Pilkonis, P. A., et al. (2013). Assessing social support, companionship, and distress: National Institute of Health (NIH) Toolbox Adult Social Relationship Scales. Health Psychology, 32(3), 293–301. doi:10.1037/a0028586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. E., Choe, E., Meyers, J., Wade, N., Varjas, K., Gifford, A., et al. (2016). Thankful for the little things: A meta-analysis of gratitude interventions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 20–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demir, M., & Özdemir, M. (2010). Friendship, need satisfaction and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(2), 243–259. doi:10.1007/s10902-009-9138-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demır, M., & Weitekamp, L. A. (2007). I am so happy’ cause today I found my friend: Friendship and personality as predictors of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(2), 181–211. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9012-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1–43. doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Oishi, S., & Suh, E. M. (2002). Looking up and looking down: Weighting good and bad information in life satisfaction judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(4), 437–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science (0956 7976), 13(1), 81–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duckworth, A. L., Steen, T. A., & Seligman, M. E. (2005). Positive psychology in clinical practice. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 629–651. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrhardt, K. E., Barnett, D. W., Lentz, F. E., Jr., Stollar, S. A., & Reifin, L. H. (1996). Innovative methodology in ecological consultation: Use of scripts to promote treatment acceptability and integrity. School Psychology Quarterly, 11(2), 149–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389. doi:10.1037/00223514.84.2.377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & Mishra, A. (2011). Why gratitude enhances well-being: What we know, what we need to know. In K. M. Sheldon, T. B. Kashdan, & M. F. Steger (Eds.), Designing positive psychology: Taking stock and moving forward (pp. 248–262). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & Shelton, C. M. (2002). Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. Handbook of Positive Psychology, 18, 459–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdogan, B., Bauer, T. N., Truxillo, D. M., & Mansfield, L. R. (2012). Whistle while you work: A review of the life satisfaction literature. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1038–1083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115–134. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300–319. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2002). Positive emotions. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 120–134). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2004a). Gratitude, like other positive emotions, broadens and builds. In R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The psychology of gratitude (pp. 145–166). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2004b). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1367–1378. doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1–53. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00001-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1045–1062. doi:10.1037/a0013262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010). Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 849–864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, A. M., & Gino, F. (2010). A little thanks goes a long way: Explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 946–955. doi:10.1037/a0017935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication monographs, 76(4), 408–420. doi:10.1080/03637750903310360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W., Melton, G. B., Brondino, M. J., Scherer, D. G., & Hanley, J. H. (1997). Multisystemic therapy with violent and chronic juvenile offenders and their families: The role of treatment fidelity in successful dissemination. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 821–833. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.65.5.821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huey, S. J., Jr., Henggeler, S. W., Brondino, M. J., & Pickrel, S. G. (2000). Mechanisms of change in multisystemic therapy: Reducing delinquent behavior through therapist adherence and improved family and peer functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 451–467. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. M., & Oatley, K. (1996). Emotional episodes and emotionality through the life span. In C. Magai & S. H. McFadden (Eds.), Handbook of emotion, adult development, and aging (pp. 421–441). doi:10.1016/B978-012464995-8/50024-8.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kaczmarek, L. D., Goodman, F. R., Drążkowski, D., Kashdan, T. B., Połatyńska, K., & Komorek, J. (2014). Instructional support decreases desirability and initiation of a gratitude intervention. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 89–93. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, M. H. (2011). Multivariable analysis: A practical guide for clinicians and public health researchers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Killen, A., & Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 947–964. doi:10.1007/s10902-0149542-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kok, B. E., Coffey, K. A., Cohn, M. A., Catalino, L. I., Vacharkulksemsuk, T., Algoe, S. B., et al. (2013). How positive emotions build physical health perceived positive social connections account for the upward spiral between positive emotions and vagal tone. Psychological Science, 24(7), 1123–1132. doi:10.1177/0956797612470827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kok, B. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Well-being begins with “We”: The physical and mental health benefits of interventions that increase social closeness. In F. Huppert & C. Cooper (Eds.), Wellbeing: A complete reference guide, interventions and policies to enhance wellbeing (Vol. 6, pp. 1–29). Oxford: Blackwell: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krejtz, I., Nezlek, J. B., Michnicka, A., Holas, P., & Rusanowska, M. (2016). Counting one’s blessings can reduce the impact of daily stress. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(1), 25–39. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9578-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krentzman, A. R., Mannella, K. A., Hassett, A. L., Barnett, N. P., Cranford, J. A., Brower, K. J., et al. (2015). Feasibility, acceptability, and impact of a web-based gratitude exercise among individuals in outpatient treatment for alcohol use disorder. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(6), 477–488. doi:10.1080/17439760.2015.1015158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, N. M., & Fincham, F. D. (2011). Expressing gratitude to a partner leads to more relationship maintenance behavior. Emotion, 11(1), 52–60. doi:10.1037/a0021557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loeys, T., Moerkerke, B., & Vansteelandt, S. (2015). A cautionary note on the power of the test for the indirect effect in mediation analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S., & Layous, K. (2013). How do simple positive activities increase well being? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(1), 57–62. doi:10.1177/0963721412469809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249–266. doi:10.1037/00332909.127.2.249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michel, A., O’Shea, D., & Hoppe, A. (2015). Designing and evaluating resource-oriented interventions to enhance employee well-being and health. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(3), 459–463. doi:10.1111/joop.12131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55, 56–67. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, S. K., Della Porta, M. D., Jacobs Bao, K., Lee, H. C., Choi, I., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2015). ‘It’s up to you’: Experimentally manipulated autonomy support for prosocial behavior improves well-being in two cultures over six weeks. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(5), 463–476. doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.983959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, B. H., O’Shea, D., & Gallagher, S. (2016). Enhancing social relationships through positive psychology activities: A randomised controlled trial. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(2), 149–162. doi:10.1080/17439760.2015.1037860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Shea, D., O’Connell, B. H., & Gallagher, S. (2015). Randomized controlled trials in WOHP interventions: A review and guidelines for use. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 65(2), 190–222. doi:10.1111/apps.12053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164–172. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, M. J., Koenig, H. G., Robins, C. J., Daher, N., Shaw, S. F., Nelson, B., et al. (2016). Effects of religious versus conventional cognitive-behavioral therapy on gratitude in major depression and chronic medical illness: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 2(3), 202–215. doi:10.1037/scp0000076.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perepletchikova, F., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Treatment integrity and therapeutic change: Issues and research recommendations. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 12(4), 365–383. doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpi045.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–731. doi:10.3758/bf03206553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioural Research, 42(1), 185–227. doi:10.1080/00273170701341316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rash, J. A., Matsuba, M. K., & Prkachin, K. M. (2011). Gratitude and well-being: Who benefits the most from a gratitude intervention? Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(3), 350–369. doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2011.01058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reis, H. T. (2001). Relationship experiences and emotional well-being. In C. D. Ryff & B. H. Singer (Eds.), Emotion, social relationships, and health (pp. 57–86). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rucker, D. D., Preacher, K. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Mediation analysis in social psychology: Current practices and new recommendations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(6), 359–371. doi:10.1111/j.17519004.2011.00355.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152, 726–732. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E., Rashid, T., & Parks, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 61(8), 774–788. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.8.774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 73–82. doi:10.1080/17439760500510676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. A., Tong, E. M., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2014). The differentiation of positive emotional experience as viewed through the lens of appraisal theory. Handbook of positive emotions (pp. 11–27). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira, P. J., Silva, M. N., Coutinho, S. R., Palmeira, A. L., Mata, J., Vieira, P. N., et al. (2010). Mediators of weight loss and weight loss maintenance in middle-aged women. Obesity, 18(4), 725–735. doi:10.1038/oby.2009.281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toepfer, S. M., Cichy, K., & Peters, P. (2012). Letters of gratitude: Further evidence for author benefits. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(1), 187–201. doi:10.1007/s10902011-9257-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, J. A. (2006). BRIEF REPORT gratitude and prosocial behaviour: An experimental test of gratitude. Cognition and Emotion, 20(1), 138–148. doi:10.1080/02699930500172341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandervoort, D. (1999). Quality of social support in mental and physical health. Current Psychology, 18(2), 205–221. doi:10.1007/s12144-999-1029-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, P. C., Uhder, J., & Pichinevskiy, S. (2015). Grateful recounting enhances subjective well-being: The importance of grateful processing. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(2), 91–98. doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.927909.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 31(5), 431–451. doi:10.13072/midss.100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waugh, C. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). Nice to know you: Positive emotions, self–other overlap, and complex understanding in the formation of a new relationship. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 93–106. doi:10.1080/17439760500510569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890–905. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2008). Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(1), 49–54. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.02.019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2009). Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the big five facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 443–447. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland

    Brenda H. O’Connell

  2. Department of Personnel and Employment Relations, Kemmy Business School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

    Deirdre O’Shea

  3. Centre for Social Issues Research, Study of Anxiety, Stress and Health Lab, Health Research Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

    Stephen Gallagher

Authors
  1. Brenda H. O’Connell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Deirdre O’Shea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stephen Gallagher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brenda H. O’Connell.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 18 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

O’Connell, B.H., O’Shea, D. & Gallagher, S. Examining Psychosocial Pathways Underlying Gratitude Interventions: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Happiness Stud 19, 2421–2444 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9931-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9931-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation