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Free to Be Happy: Economic Freedom and Happiness in US States

Journal of Happiness Studies volume 18, pages 1207–1229 (2017)Cite this article

Abstract

While the measurement of subjective well-being and its usefulness as a policy objective is a matter of contention, a burgeoning field of happiness economics is emerging. This paper examines the relationship between the institutions of economic freedom and happiness as reported by respondents to the Generalized Social Survey (GSS) in the United States. GSS responses are matched via geocode to state of residence. This allows individual responses in the GSS to be matched to institutional characteristics of the state of residence. A novel contribution of this study is that analysis of the effect of economic freedom on reported happiness is conducted both at the individual level and using state averages. It is found that the level of economic freedom in US states has a positive effect on both individual reported happiness and state average happiness. Dynamic panel analysis is also conducted both as a robustness check and in an effort to control for endogeneity. This confirms the relationship as positive and is suggestive of a causal positive impact of economic freedom on average state happiness.

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Fig. 1

Notes

  1. The Fraser Institute is headquartered in the Canadian city of Vancouver. It is a public policy think tank that is widely known for its affiliation with a libertarian viewpoint.

  2. While only results for economic freedom measured accounting for government at the Federal, state, and local level are reported, results limiting measured economic freedom to the state and local level generated similar results and are therefore omitted for brevity. Tables of these results are available by request.

  3. Kahneman and Deaton (2010) use an indicator type taking a value of zero for no children or one indicating the presence of children. Our measure is the number of children for which values are correlated with lower happiness.

  4. These statistics are testing for properties that are necessary for the validity of the instruments.

  5. A shortcoming of is that no Hansen, AR(1), or AR(2) test statistics are provided which allow the reader to assess the validity of the model and its assumptions.

  6. Spruk and Kešeljevic (2015) uncover a positive relationship between economic freedom and happiness in standard specifications but the sign is reversed in their dynamic panel regressions.

  7. Spruk and Kešeljević (2015) implemented the Arrellano-Bond procedure, often referred to as difference GMM, while this study uses the system GMM procedure of Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998). System GMM is well known to have better statistical properties than difference GMM. Spruk and Kešeljević (2015) also do not include the necessary test statistics to confirm that the many assumptions required for dynamic panel estimation are indeed met. These include the Arrellano-Bond test for autoregressive error in AR(1) and AR(2) in addition to Sargen/Hansen test statistics for over identifying restrictions.

  8. The economic freedom measure used by Spruk and Kešeljevic (2015) is not the Economic Freedom of the World index of the Fraser Institute. Rather they use the Index of Economic Freedom generated by the Heritage Foundation. This index produced by the Heritage makes some use subjective valuation in creation of the index while the indices created by the Fraser Institute are objectively data driven.

  9. This switch in sign is possibly indicative of a spurious result being driven by a methodological short coming.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by monies received from North Dakota State University and the Charles Koch Foundation. Many thanks go to Elizabeth Jackson for introducing me to the scientific study of happiness.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, North Dakota State University, 811 2nd Ave N., Fargo, ND, 58102, USA

    Jeremy Jackson

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Correspondence to Jeremy Jackson.

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Jackson, J. Free to Be Happy: Economic Freedom and Happiness in US States. J Happiness Stud 18, 1207–1229 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9770-9

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Keywords

  • Economic freedom
  • Happiness
  • Institutions
  • Well-being