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On the potential of voluntary environmental programmes for the built environment: a critical analysis of LEED

Journal of Housing and the Built Environment volume 30, pages 553–567 (2015)Cite this article

Abstract

Voluntary environmental programmes (VEPs) are increasingly gaining traction as a means of improving the environmental performance of buildings and their occupants. These programmes are of interest because they incentivise developers, property owners and occupants to improve such performance voluntarily beyond what is required by governmental construction regulation. This article questions whether such programmes have the potential to affect the environmental and resource sustainability of the built environment to a significant extent. It first briefly reviews the extant literature on voluntary programmes as developed in policy sciences and governance studies. It then studies the performance of a leading, often lauded, VEP in the built environment: LEED. In spite of LEED’s impressive performance in absolute terms, this article concludes that LEED is a relatively poor performing VEP. This raises considerable questions about the potential of VEPs to improve sustainability in the built environment more generally.

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Notes

  1. Data from: http://www.citymayors.com/development/built_environment_usa.html.

  2. Data from: http://www.urbannewsdigest.in/green-cities/.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Regulatory Institutions Network (RegNet), Australian National University, Room 2.08, Coombs Extension Building #8, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia

    Jeroen van der Heijden

  2. Amsterdam Law School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Jeroen van der Heijden

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  1. Jeroen van der Heijden
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Correspondence to Jeroen van der Heijden.

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van der Heijden, J. On the potential of voluntary environmental programmes for the built environment: a critical analysis of LEED. J Hous and the Built Environ 30, 553–567 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-014-9428-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-014-9428-z

Keywords

  • Building environmental assessment
  • Environmental governance
  • LEED
  • Sustainable construction
  • Voluntary environmental programme