Abstract
The risk for suicidal behaviors including suicide ideations and attempts among individuals with gambling disorder (IWGDs) is high compared to the general population. Little is known about the interplay of mood disorders, alcohol use disorders, and suicidal behaviors among IWGDs. The study aimed to determine the prevalence, sociodemographic characteristics, risky behaviors, mental health disorders, and alcohol use disorders associated with suicide behaviors among IWGDs. Studies published between January 1 1995 and September 1 2022 were obtained from following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases. PECOS (population, exposures, comparison, outcome, and study design) criteria were used for selecting studies. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for assessing risk of bias and rated each study in terms of exposure, outcome, and comparability. After initial assessment of 10,243 papers, a total of 39 studies met the eligibility criteria. Among IWGDs, the findings indicated a life-time pooled prevalence rate of 31% for suicide ideations (95% CI, 23–39%), 17% for suicide plans (95% CI, 0–34%), and 16% for suicide attempts (95% CI, 12–20%). Generally, suicide ideations among IWGDs were associated with having any financial debt and having chronic physical illnesses, as well as experiencing depression, mood disorders, and alcohol use disorders. Suicide attempts among IWGDs were associated with being older and having a childhood history of sexual abuse, as well as experiencing depression, mood disorders and alcohol use disorders. Interventions can help to facilitate seeking support among IWGDs by de-stigmatizing mental health disorders as well as improving the quality of care presented to individuals with psychiatric conditions.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Data Availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Afifi, T. O., Cox, B. J., Martens, P. J., Sareen, J., & Enns, M. W. (2010). The relationship between problem gambling and mental and physical health correlates among a nationally representative sample of Canadian women. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 101(2), 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03404366
Ahuja, M., Werner, K. B., Cunningham-Williams, R. M., & Bucholz, K. K. (2021). Racial associations between gambling and suicidal behaviors among black and white adolescents and young adults. Current Addiction Reports, 8(2), 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00374-8
Amiri, S., & Behnezhad, S. (2020). Alcohol use and risk of suicide: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 38(2), 200–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2020.1736757
Andronicos, M., Beauchamp, G., Robert, M., Besson, J., & Séguin, M. (2016). Male gamblers – suicide victims and living controls: Comparison of adversity over the life course. International Gambling Studies, 16(1), 140–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2016.1151914
Armoon, B., Fleury, M.-J., Bayani, A., Mohammadi, R., Ahounbar, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022). Suicidal behaviors among intravenous drug users: A meta-analysis. Journal of Substance Use, 1–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2022.2120435
Armoon, B., SoleimanvandiAzar, N., Fleury, M.-J., Noroozi, A., Bayat, A.-H., Mohammadi, R., Ahounbar, E., & Fattah Moghaddam, L. (2021). Prevalence, sociodemographic variables, mental health condition, and type of drug use associated with suicide behaviors among people with substance use disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 39(4), 550–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2021.1912572
Baldessarini, R. J., Tondo, L., Pinna, M., Nuñez, N., & Vázquez, G. H. (2019). Suicidal risk factors in major affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 215(4), 621–626. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.167
Baron, E., & Dickerson, M. (1999). Alcohol consumption and self-control of gambling behaviour. Journal of Gambling Studies, 15(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023057027992
Battersby, M., Tolchard, B., Scurrah, M., & Thomas, L. (2006). Suicide ideation and behaviour in people with pathological gambling attending a treatment service. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 4, 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-006-9022-z
Bayani, A., Ghiasvand, H., Rezaei, O., Fattah Moghaddam, L., Noroozi, A., Ahounbar, E., Higgs, P., & Armoon, B. (2020). Factors associated with HIV testing among people who inject drugs: A meta-analysis. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 38(3), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2020.1771235
Bayat, A.-H., Mohammadi, R., Moradi-Joo, M., Bayani, A., Ahounbar, E., Higgs, P., Hemmat, M., Haghgoo, A., & Armoon, B. (2020). HIV and drug related stigma and risk-taking behaviors among people who inject drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 38(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2020.1718264
Benson, O., Gibson, S., Boden, Z. V. R., & Owen, G. (2016). Exhausted without trust and inherent worth: A model of the suicide process based on experiential accounts. Social Science & Medicine, 163, 126–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.045
Bertolote, J. M., Fleischmann, A., De Leo, D., & Wasserman, D. (2004). Psychiatric diagnoses and suicide: Revisiting the evidence. Crisis, 25(4), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.25.4.147
Bischof, A., Meyer, C., Bischof, G., John, U., Wurst, F. M., Thon, N., Lucht, M., Grabe, H. J., & Rumpf, H. J. (2015). Suicidal events among pathological gamblers: The role of comorbidity of axis I and axis II disorders. Psychiatry Research, 225(3), 413–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.074
Bischof, A., Meyer, C., Bischof, G., John, U., Wurst, F. M., Thon, N., Lucht, M., Grabe, H. J., & Rumpf, H. J. (2016). Type of gambling as an independent risk factor for suicidal events in pathological gamblers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(2), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000152
Black, D. W., Coryell, W., Crowe, R., McCormick, B., Shaw, M., & Allen, J. (2015). Suicide ideations, suicide attempts, and completed suicide in persons with pathological gambling and their first-degree relatives. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(6), 700–709. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12162
Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97(5), 487–499. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x
Carr, M. M., Ellis, J. D., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2018). Suicidality among gambling helpline callers: A consideration of the role of financial stress and conflict. American Journal on Addictions, 27(6), 531–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12787
Cook, S., Turner, N. E., Ballon, B., Paglia-Boak, A., Murray, R., Adlaf, E. M., Ilie, G., den Dunnen, W., & Mann, R. E. (2015). Problem gambling among Ontario students: Associations with substance abuse, mental health problems, suicide attempts, and delinquent behaviours. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(4), 1121–1134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-014-9483-0
De Beurs, D., Fried, E. I., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., O’ Connor, D. B., Ferguson, E., O’ Carroll, R. E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2019). Exploring the psychology of suicidal ideation: A theory driven network analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 120, 103419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103419
Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y. T., Child, J. C., Falder, G., Bacchus, L. J., Astbury, J., & Watts, C. H. (2014). Childhood sexual abuse and suicidal behavior: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 133(5), e1331–e1344. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2166
Díaz-Oliván, I., Porras-Segovia, A., Barrigón, M. L., Jiménez-Muñoz, L., & Baca-García, E. (2021). Theoretical models of suicidal behaviour: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. European Journal of Psychiatry, 35(3), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpsy.2021.02.002
Dion, J., Cantinotti, M., Ross, A., & Collin-Vézina, D. (2015). Sexual abuse, residential schooling and probable pathological gambling among indigenous peoples. Child Abuse & Neglect, 44, 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.03.004
Dowling, N. A., Cowlishaw, S., Jackson, A. C., Merkouris, S. S., Francis, K. L., & Christensen, D. R. (2015). The prevalence of comorbid personality disorders in treatment-seeking problem gamblers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality Disorders, 29(6), 735–754. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2014_28_168
El-GuebalyPatten, N. S. B., Currie, S., Williams, J. V. A., Beck, C. A., Maxwell, C. J., & Wang, J. L. (2006). Epidemiological associations between gambling behavior, substance use & mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22(3), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-006-9016-6
Ellery, M., Stewart, S. H., & Loba, P. (2005). Alcohol’s effects on video lottery terminal (VLT) play among probable pathological and non-pathological gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21(3), 299–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-005-3101-0
Fernández-Montalvo, J., López-Goñi, J. J., Arteaga, A., & Haro, B. (2019). Suicidal ideation and attempts among patients with lifetime physical and/or sexual abuse in treatment for substance use disorders. Addiction Research & Theory, 27(3), 204–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2018.1485891
Fong, T. W. (2005). The biopsychosocial consequences of pathological gambling. Psychiatry, 2(3), 22–30.
Ghiasvand, H., Higgs, P., & Noroozi, M. (2020). Social and demographical determinants of quality of life in people who live with HIV/AIDS infection: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Biodemography and Social Biology, 65(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2019.1587287
Ghiasvand, H., Waye, K. M., Noroozi, M., Harouni, G. G., & Armoon, B. (2019). Clinical determinants associated with quality of life for people who live with HIV/AIDS: A meta-analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 768. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4659-z
Guillou-Landreat, M., Guilleux, A., Sauvaget, A., Brisson, L., Leboucher, J., Remaud, M., Challet-Bouju, G., & Grall-Bronnec, M. (2016). Factors associated with suicidal risk among a French cohort of problem gamblers seeking treatment. Psychiatry Research, 240, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.008
Håkansson, A., & Karlsson, A. (2020). Suicide attempt in patients with gambling disorder-associations with comorbidity including substance use disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 593533. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.593533
Hodgins, D. C., & El-Guebaly, N. (2010). The influence of substance dependence and mood disorders on outcome from pathological gambling: Five-year follow-up. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26(1), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-009-9137-9
Hodgins, D. C., Mansley, C., & Thygesen, K. (2006). Risk factors for suicide ideation and attempts among pathological gamblers. American Journal on Addictions, 15(4), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490600754366
Hodgins, D. C., Peden, N., & Cassidy, E. (2005). The association between comorbidity and outcome in pathological gambling: A prospective follow-up of recent quitters. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21(3), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-005-3099-3
Hor, K., & Taylor, M. (2010). Suicide and schizophrenia: A systematic review of rates and risk factors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 24(4_suppl), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359786810385490
Husky, M. M., Michel, G., Richard, J. B., Guignard, R., & Beck, F. (2015). Gender differences in the associations of gambling activities and suicidal behaviors with problem gambling in a nationally representative French sample. Addictive Behaviors, 45, 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.011
Isometsä, E. (2014). Suicidal behaviour in mood disorders–who, when, and why? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(3), 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371405900303
Jakubczyk, A., Klimkiewicz, A., Krasowska, A., Kopera, M., Sławińska-Ceran, A., Brower, K. J., & Wojnar, M. (2014). History of sexual abuse and suicide attempts in alcohol-dependent patients. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(9), 1560–1568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.06.010
John Mann, J., & Rizk, M. M. (2020). A brain-centric model of suicidal behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(10), 902–916. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20081224
Johnson, J., Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N. (2008). Suicide risk in schizophrenia: Explanatory models and clinical implications, The Schematic Appraisal Model of Suicide (SAMS). Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 81(1), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608307X244996
Jolly, T., Trivedi, C., Adnan, M., Mansuri, Z., & Agarwal, V. (2021). Gambling in patients with major depressive disorder is associated with an elevated risk of suicide: Insights from 12-years of Nationwide inpatient sample data. Addictive Behaviors, 118, 106872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106872
Kim, H. S., Salmon, M., Wohl, M. J. A., & Young, M. (2016). A dangerous cocktail: Alcohol consumption increases suicidal ideations among problem gamblers in the general population. Addictive Behaviors, 55, 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.12.017
Klonsky, E. D., May, A. M., & Saffer, B. Y. (2016). Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12(1), 307–330. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204
Koller, G., Preuß, U. W., Bottlender, M., Wenzel, K., & Soyka, M. (2002). Impulsivity and aggression as predictors of suicide attempts in alcoholics. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 252(4), 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-002-0362-9
Komoto, Y. (2014). Factors associated with suicide and bankruptcy in Japanese pathological gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12(5), 600–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9492-3
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174.
Ledgerwood, D. M., Arfken, C. L., Wiedemann, A., Bates, K. E., Holmes, D., & Jones, L. (2013). Who goes to treatment? Predictors of treatment initiation among gambling help-line callers. The American Journal on Addictions, 22(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00323.x
Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M. (2004). Gambling and suicidality in treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(10), 711–714. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000142021.71880.ce
Ledgerwood, D. M., Steinberg, M. A., Wu, R., & Potenza, M. N. (2005). Self-reported gambling-related suicidality among gambling helpline callers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19(2), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164x.19.2.175
Lee, K., Kim, H., & Kim, Y. (2021). Gambling disorder symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. Psychiatry Investigation, 18(1), 88–93. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0035
Leeb, R. T., Lewis, T., & Zolotor, A. J. (2011). A review of physical and mental health consequences of child abuse and neglect and implications for practice. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 5(5), 454–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101930
Leino, T., Molde, H., Griffiths, M. D., Mentzoni, R. A., Sagoe, D., & Pallesen, S. (2017). Gambling behavior in alcohol-serving and non-alcohol-serving-venues: A study of electronic gaming machine players using account records. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(3), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1288806
Leung, C. L. K., Kwok, S. Y. C. L., & Ling, C. C. Y. (2016). An integrated model of suicidal ideation in transcultural populations of Chinese adolescents. Community Mental Health Journal, 52(5), 574–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-015-9920-2
Lister, J. J., Milosevic, A., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2015). Psychological characteristics of problem gamblers with and without mood disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(8), 369–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371506000806
Lloyd, J., Hawton, K., Dutton, W. H., Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G. M., & Rogers, R. D. (2016). Thoughts and acts of self-harm, and suicidal ideation, in online gamblers. International Gambling Studies, 16(3), 408–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2016.1214166
Lorains, F. K., Cowlishaw, S., & Thomas, S. A. (2011). Prevalence of comorbid disorders in problem and pathological gambling: Systematic review and meta-analysis of population surveys. Addiction, 106(3), 490–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03300.x
Maccallum, F., & Blaszczynski, A. (2003). Pathological gambling and suicidality: An analysis of severity and lethality. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 33(1), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.33.1.88.22781
Mallorquí-Bagué, N., Mena-Moreno, T., Granero, R., Vintró-Alcaraz, C., Sánchez-González, J., Fernández-Aranda, F., Pino-Gutiérrez, A. D., Mestre-Bach, G., Aymamí, N., Gómez-Peña, M., Menchón, J. M., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2018). Suicidal ideation and history of suicide attempts in treatment-seeking patients with gambling disorder: The role of emotion dysregulation and high trait impulsivity. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 1112–1121. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.132
Manning, V., Koh, P. K., Yang, Y., Ng, A., Guo, S., Kandasami, G., & Wong, K. E. (2015). Suicidal ideation and lifetime attempts in substance and gambling disorders. Psychiatry Research, 225(3), 706–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.011
Meyer, G., Hauffa, B. P., Schedlowski, M., Pawlak, C., Stadler, M. A., & Exton, M. S. (2000). Casino gambling increases heart rate and salivary cortisol in regular gamblers. Biological Psychiatry, 48(9), 948–953. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00888-x
Moghaddam, J. F., Yoon, G., Dickerson, D. L., Kim, S. W., & Westermeyer, J. (2015). Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in five groups with different severities of gambling: Findings from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. American Journal on Addictions, 24(4), 292–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12197
Moore, F. R., Doughty, H., Neumann, T., McClelland, H., Allott, C., & O’Connor, R. C. (2022). Impulsivity, aggression, and suicidality relationship in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101307
Naranjo, D. E., Glass, J. E., & Williams, E. C. (2021). Persons with debt burden are more likely to report suicide attempt than those without: A national study of US adults. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 82(3), 19m13184. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.19m13184
Newman, S. C., & Thompson, A. H. (2003). A population-based study of the association between pathological gambling and attempted suicide. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 33(1), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.33.1.80.22785
Newman, S. C., & Thompson, A. H. (2007). The association between pathological gambling and attempted suicide: Findings from a national survey in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(9), 605–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200909
Nower, L., Gupta, R., Blaszczynski, A., & Derevensky, J. (2004). Suicidality and depression among youth gamblers: A preliminary examination of three studies. International Gambling Studies, 4(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/1445979042000224412
Nunes, E. V., Deliyannides, D., Donovan, S., & McGrath, P. J. (1996). The management of treatment resistance in depressed patients with substance use disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 19(2), 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70290-2
O’Connor, R. C., & Portzky, G. (2018). The relationship between entrapment and suicidal behavior through the lens of the integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 22, 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.021
O’Connor, R. C., & Kirtley, O. J. (2018). The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1754), 20170268. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0268
O’Connor, R. C., & Nock, M. K. (2014). The psychology of suicidal behaviour. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70222-6
Park, S., Cho, M. J., Jeon, H. J., Lee, H. W., Bae, J. N., Park, J. I., Sohn, J. H., Lee, Y. R., Lee, J. Y., & Hong, J. P. (2010). Prevalence, clinical correlations, comorbidities, and suicidal tendencies in pathological Korean gamblers: Results from the Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(6), 621–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0102-9
Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., & Tugwell, P. (2011). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute.
Petry, N. M., & Kiluk, B. D. (2002). Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(7), 462–469. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200207000-00007
Pilver, C. E., & Potenza, M. N. (2013). Increased incidence of cardiovascular conditions among older adults with pathological gambling features in a prospective study. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 7(6), 387–393. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e31829e9b36
Polusny, M. A., & Follette, V. M. (1995). Long-term correlates of child sexual abuse: Theory and review of the empirical literature. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 4, 143–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80055-1
Rezaei, O., Ghiasvand, H., Higgs, P., Noroozi, A., Noroozi, M., Rezaei, F., Armoon, B., & Bayani, A. (2020). Factors associated with injecting-related risk behaviors among people who inject drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 38(4), 420–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2020.1781346
Ribeiro, J. D., Huang, X., Fox, K. R., & Franklin, J. C. (2018). Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 212(5), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.27
Rojas, Y. (2022). Financial indebtedness and suicide: A 1-year follow-up study of a population registered at the Swedish Enforcement Authority. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(7), 1445–1453. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640211036166
Ronzitti, S., Soldini, E., Smith, N., Potenza, M. N., Clerici, M., & Bowden-Jones, H. (2017). Current suicidal ideation in treatment-seeking individuals in the United Kingdom with gambling problems. Addictive Behaviors, 74, 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.032
Rudd, M. D. (2000). The suicidal mode: A cognitive-behavioral model of suicidality. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 30(1), 18–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278X.2000.tb01062.x
Sareen, J., Cox, B. J., Afifi, T. O., de Graaf, R., Asmundson, G. J., ten Have, M., & Stein, M. B. (2005). Anxiety disorders and risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: A population-based longitudinal study of adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(11), 1249–1257. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.11.1249
Sharman, S., Murphy, R., Turner, J., & Roberts, A. (2022). Predictors of suicide attempts in male UK gamblers seeking residential treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 126, 107171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107171
Slutske, W. S., Davis, C. N., Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., & Martin, N. G. (2022). An epidemiologic, longitudinal, and discordant-twin study of the association between gambling disorder and suicidal behaviors. Clinical Psychological Science, 10(5), 901–919. https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026211062599
Soloff, P. H., Feske, U., & Fabio, A. (2008). Mediators of the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22(3), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2008.22.3.221
Sundqvist, K., & Wennberg, P. (2022). The association between problem gambling and suicidal ideations and attempts: A case control study in the general Swedish population. Journal of Gambling Studies, 38(2), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-020-09996-5
Taylor, P. J., Gooding, P., Wood, A. M., & Tarrier, N. (2011). The role of defeat and entrapment in depression, anxiety, and suicide. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 391–420. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022935
Thon, N., Preuss, U. W., Pölzleitner, A., Quantschnig, B., Scholz, H., Kühberger, A., Bischof, A., Rumpf, H. J., & Wurst, F. M. (2014). Prevalence of suicide attempts in pathological gamblers in a nationwide Austrian treatment sample. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36(3), 342–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.01.012
Twardosz, S., & Lutzker, J. R. (2010). Child maltreatment and the developing brain: A review of neuroscience perspectives. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.003
Valenciano-Mendoza, E., Fernández-Aranda, F., Granero, R., Gómez-Peña, M., Moragas, L., Mora-Maltas, B., Håkansson, A., Menchón, J. M., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2021a). Prevalence of suicidal behavior and associated clinical correlates in patients with behavioral addictions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111085
Valenciano-Mendoza, E., Fernández-Aranda, F., Granero, R., Gómez-Peña, M., Moragas, L., Pino-Gutierrez, A. D., Mora-Maltas, B., Baenas, I., Guillén-Guzmán, E., Valero-Solís, S., Lara-Huallipe, M. L., Codina, E., Mestre-Bach, G., Etxandi, M., Menchón, J. M., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2021b). Suicidal behavior in patients with gambling disorder and their response to psychological treatment: The roles of gender and gambling preference. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 143, 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.027
Verdura-Vizcaíno, E. J., Fernández-Navarro, P., Vian-Lains, A., Ibañez, Á., & Baca-García, E. (2015). Características sociodemográficas y comorbilidad de sujetos con juego patológico e intento de suicidio en España. Revista Colombiana De Psiquiatría, 44(3), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2015.03.002
Wang, Y., Bhaskaran, J., Sareen, J., Wang, J., Spiwak, R., & Bolton, J. M. (2015). Predictors of future suicide attempts among individuals referred to psychiatric services in the emergency department: A longitudinal study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(7), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000000320
Wardle, H., John, A., Dymond, S., & McManus, S. (2020). Problem gambling and suicidality in England: Secondary analysis of a representative cross-sectional survey. Public Health, 184, 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.03.024
Wardle, H., & McManus, S. (2021). Suicidality and gambling among young adults in Great Britain: Results from a cross-sectional online survey. Lancet Public Health, 6(1), e39–e49. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30232-2
Weinstock, J., Scott, T. L., Burton, S., Rash, C. J., Moran, S., Biller, W., & Kruedelbach, N. (2014). Current suicidal ideation in gamblers calling a helpline. Addiction Research & Theory, 22(5), 398–406. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2013.868445
Winters, K. C., & Kushner, M. G. (2003). Treatment issues pertaining to pathological gamblers with a comorbid disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 19(3), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024203403982
Wong, P. W., Cheung, D. Y., Conner, K. R., Conwell, Y., & Yip, P. S. (2010). Gambling and completed suicide in Hong Kong: A review of coroner court files. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 12(6), PCC.09m00932. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.09m00932blu
Wong, P. W., Kwok, N. C., Tang, J. Y., Blaszczynski, A., & Tse, S. (2014). Suicidal ideation and familicidal-suicidal ideation among individuals presenting to problem gambling services: A retrospective data analysis. Crisis, 35(4), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000256
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
None received.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
BA conceived the study. BA collected all data. BA and RM analyzed and interpreted the data. BA and EA drafted the manuscript. MDG and BA contributed to the revised paper and were responsible for all final editing. All authors commented on the drafts of the manuscript and approved the final copy of the paper for submission.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest except MDG. MDG has received research funding from Norsk Tipping (the gambling operator owned by the Norwegian government). MDG has received funding for a number of research projects in the area of gambling education for young people, social responsibility in gambling and gambling treatment from GambleAware (formerly the Responsibility in Gambling Trust), a charitable body which funds its research program based on donations from the gambling industry. MDG undertakes consultancy for various gambling companies in the area of social responsibility in gambling.
Ethical Approval
This study was an analysis of pre-existing literature and did not use human participants.
Informed Consent
Not applicable. Secondary data analysis.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
10899_2023_10188_MOESM4_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 4. Baujat plot for pooled prevalence ratio of suicidal ideation among individuals with gambling disorders. Effects on the right part indicated studies contribute much to the heterogeneit
10899_2023_10188_MOESM5_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 5. Pooled prevalence ratio of suicidal ideation after removing Mallorquí−Bagué et al., 2018 (study that had the most contribution of heterogeneity)
10899_2023_10188_MOESM6_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 6. Baujat plot for pooled prevalence ratio of suicide attempts among individuals with gambling disorders. Effects on the right part indicated studies contribute much to the heterogeneity
10899_2023_10188_MOESM7_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 7. Pooled prevalence ratio of suicide attempts after removing Newman & Thampson, 2007 (study that had the most contribution of heterogeneity)
10899_2023_10188_MOESM8_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 8. Baujat plot for having chronic physical illnesses associated with suicidal ideation. Effects on the right part indicated studies contribute much to the heterogeneity
10899_2023_10188_MOESM9_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 9. Pooled odds ratio of having chronic physical illnesses associated with suicidal ideation after removing Manning et al., 2015 (study that had the most contribution of heterogeneity)
10899_2023_10188_MOESM10_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 10. Baujat plot for having depression associated with suicidal ideation. Effects on the right part indicated studies contribute much to the heterogeneity
10899_2023_10188_MOESM11_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 11. Pooled odds ratio of having depression associated with suicidal ideation after removing Nower et al., 2004 (study that had the most contribution of heterogeneity)
10899_2023_10188_MOESM12_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 12. Baujat plot for having chronic depression associated with suicide attempts. Effects on the right part indicated studies contribute much to the heterogeneity
10899_2023_10188_MOESM13_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 13. Pooled odds ratio of having depression associated with suicide attempts after removing Wardle., 2020 and Newman & Thampson, 2003 (studies that had the most contribution of heterogeneity)
10899_2023_10188_MOESM14_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 14. Baujat plot for having mood disorders associated with suicide attempts. Effects on the right part indicated studies contribute much to the heterogeneity
10899_2023_10188_MOESM15_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 15. Pooled odds ratio of having mood disorders associated with suicide attempts after removing Bischof et al., 2015 and Bischof et al., 2016 (studies that had the most contribution of heterogeneity)
10899_2023_10188_MOESM16_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 16. Baujat plot for having alcohol use disorders associated with suicidal ideation. Effects on the right part indicated studies contribute much to the heterogeneity
10899_2023_10188_MOESM17_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 17. Pooled odds ratio of having alcohol use disorders associated with suicidal ideation after removing Slutske et al., 2022 (study that had the most contribution of heterogeneity)
10899_2023_10188_MOESM18_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 18. Baujat plot for having alcohol use disorders associated with suicide attempts. Effects on the right part indicated studies contribute much to the heterogeneity
10899_2023_10188_MOESM19_ESM.pdf
Supplementary File 19. Pooled odds ratio of having alcohol use disorders associated with suicide attempts after removing Newman & Thampson, 2003 (study that had the most contribution of heterogeneity)
10899_2023_10188_MOESM20_ESM.docx
Supplementary File 20. Subgroup analysis based on random-effect models for pooled prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among individuals with gambling disorders
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Armoon, B., Griffiths, M.D., Mohammadi, R. et al. Suicidal Behaviors and Associated Factors Among Individuals with Gambling Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. J Gambl Stud 39, 751–777 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-023-10188-0
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-023-10188-0