Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Personal Gambling Expectancies Among Asian American and White American College Students

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Gambling Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Many college students are involved in gambling behavior as a recreational activity. Their involvement could potentially develop into problem gambling, an issue of increasing concern to student health. At the same time, evidence suggests that Asian Americans are overrepresented amongst problem gamblers in this age period. Research on factors related to initiation and development of problem gambling in college students is necessary to inform the development of effective and culturally-sensitive prevention efforts against gambling. The relationships between personal gambling expectancies at two levels of specificity (two general and six specific types of expectancies) and college student gambling at two levels of behavior (initiation and problems) were examined in a sample of 813 Asian American and White American college students. The study aimed to address (a) whether expectancies explained ethnic differences in gambling, (b) ethnic similarities and differences in the pattern of relationships between expectancies and gambling, and (c) whether expectancies that emerged in both ethnic groups have a greater risk or protective effect for one group than another. Results showed that Asian American students reported more problem gambling than White American students, but expectancies did not account for this group difference. Risk and protective factors for initiation were relatively similar between groups, but different patterns of risk emerged for each group for problem gambling. Implications for college primary prevention and harm reduction programs are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Descriptive statistics for the initial pool of 63 items may be obtained from the first author.

References

  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, D., Tong, W. L., Chen, C. P., Hing, A. Y., Sagara-Rosemeyer, M., Kua, E. H., et al. (2008). The validity and reliability of four measures of gambling behaviour in a sample of Singapore university students. Journal of Gambling Studies, 24(4), 451–462. doi:10.1007/s10899-008-9103-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1978). The self system in reciprocal determinism. American Psychologist, 33(4), 344–358. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.33.4.344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education & Behavior, 31(2), 143–164. doi:10.1177/1090198104263660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97(5), 487–499. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blinn-Pike, L., Worthy, S. L., & Jonkman, J. N. (2007). Disordered gambling among college students: A meta-analytic synthesis. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10899-006-9036-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, J., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., Gaxiola-Aguilar, S., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States. Psychological Medicine, 35, 317–327. doi:10.1017/S0033291704003514.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brevers, D., Cleeremans, A., Hermant, C., Tibboel, H., Kornreich, C., Verbanck, P., et al. (2012). Implicit gambling attitudes in problem gamblers: Positive but not negative implicit associations. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44(1), 94–97. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.07.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burge, A. N., Pietrzak, R. H., Molina, C. A., & Petry, N. M. (2004). Age of gambling initiation and severity of gambling and health problems among older adult problem gamblers. Psychiatric Services, 55(12), 1437–1439. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.55.12.1437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, F. F., Sousa, K. H., & West, S. G. (2005). Teacher’s corner: Testing measurement invariance of second-order factor models. Structural Equation Modeling, 12(3), 471–492. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1203_7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, F. F., West, S. G., & Sousa, K. H. (2006). A comparison of bifactor and second-order models of quality of life. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41(2), 189–225. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr4102_5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., & Windle, M. (1992). Development and validation of a three-dimensional measure of drinking motives. Psychological Assessment, 4(2), 123–132. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.2.123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coventry, K. R., & Brown, R. I. F. (1993). Sensation seeking, gambling and gambling addictions. Addiction, 88(4), 541–554. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02061.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coxe, S., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2009). The analysis of count data: A gentle introduction to Poisson regression and its alternatives. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 121–136. doi:10.1080/00223890802634175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Amico, E. J., & Fromme, K. (2000). Implementation of the risk skills training program: A brief intervention targeting adolescent participation in risk behaviors. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 7(1), 101–117. doi:10.1016/S1077-7229(00)80011-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derevensky, J. L., Gupta, R., Dickson, L., & Deguire, A.-E. (2005). Prevention efforts toward reducing gambling problems. In J. L. Derevensky & R. Gupta (Eds.), Gambling problems in youth: Theoretical and applied perspectives (pp. 211–230). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, L. M., Derevensky, J. L., & Gupta, R. (2002). The prevention of gambling problems in youth: A conceptual framework. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(2), 97–159. doi:10.1023/A:1015557115049.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, L. M., Derevensky, J. L., & Gupta, R. (2004). Harm reduction for the prevention of youth gambling problems: Lessons learned from adolescent high-risk behavior prevention programs. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(2), 233–263. doi:10.1177/0743558403258272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, L. M., Derevensky, J. L., & Gupta, R. (2008). Youth gambling problems: Examining risk and protective factors. International Gambling Studies, 8(1), 25–47. doi:10.1080/14459790701870118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiClemente, C. C., Story, M., & Murray, K. (2000). On a roll: The process of initiation and cessation of problem gambling among adolescents. Journal of Gambling Studies, 16(2–3), 289–313. doi:10.1023/A:1009441216698.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emond, M. S., & Marmurek, H. H. C. (2010). Gambling related cognitions mediate the association between thinking style and problem gambling severity. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26(2), 257–267. doi:10.1007/s10899-009-9164-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engwall, D., Hunter, R., & Steinberg, M. (2004). Gambling and other risk behaviors on university campuses. Journal of American College Health, 52(6), 245–255. doi:10.3200/JACH.52.6.245-256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2005). Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: From actions to habits to compulsion. Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1481–1489. doi:10.1038/nn1579.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fong, T., Campos, M., Rosenthal, R., Brecht, M.-L., Schwartz, B., Davis, A., et al. (2010). Problem gambling knowledge and perceived community impact among Asian-Pacific Islanders and non Asian-Pacific Islanders. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 12(2), 173–178. doi:10.1007/s10903-009-9238-7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18, 233–239. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.1.55.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., Houlihan, A. E., Stock, M. L., & Pomery, E. A. (2008). A dual-process approach to health risk decision making: The prototype willingness model. Developmental Review, 28(1), 29–61. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.10.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, M. A. M., Derevensky, J., & Gupta, R. (2007a). I. Adolescent problem gambling: Developing a gambling expectancy instrument. Journal of Gambling Issues, 19(1), 51–68. doi:10.4309/jgi.2007.19.3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, M. A. M., Derevensky, J., & Gupta, R. (2007b). II. The utility of outcome expectancies in the prediction of adolescent gambling behaviour. Journal of Gambling Issues, 19(1), 69–85. doi:10.4309/jgi.2007.19.4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, H. M., Tarraf, W., Whitfield, K. E., & Vega, W. A. (2010). The epidemiology of major depression and ethnicity in the United States. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(15), 1043–1105. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.03.017.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, R., Nower, L., Derevensky, J. L., Blaszczynski, A., Faregh, N., & Temcheff, C. (2012). Problem gambling in adolescents: An examination of the Pathways Model. Journal of Gambling Studies. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9322-0.

  • Halpern-Felsher, B. L., Biehl, M., Kropp, R. Y., & Rubenstein, M. L. (2004). Perceived risks and benefits of smoking: Differences among adolescents with different smoking experiences and intentions. Preventive Medicine, 39(3), 559–567. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurt, H., Giannetta, J. M., Brodsky, N. L., Shera, D., & Romer, D. (2008). Gambling initiation in preadolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(1), 91–93. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.12.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, M., Lee, E., & Woo, K. (1998). Income, language, and citizen status: Factors affecting the health care access and utilization of Chinese Americans. Health Social Work, 23(2), 136–145. doi:10.1093/hsw/23.2.136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jessor, R. (1987). Problem-behavior theory, psychosocial development, and adolescent problem drinking. British Journal of Addiction, 82(4), 331–342. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01490.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12(8), 597–605. doi:10.1016/1054-139X(91)90007-K.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, A., Grant, J. E., Kim, S. W., Odlaug, B. L., & Gotestam, K. G. (2009). Risk factors for problematic gambling: A critical literature review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(1), 67–92. doi:10.1007/s10899-008-9088-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. T., Corbin, W., & Fromme, K. (2001). A review of expectancy theory and alcohol consumption. Addiction, 96(1), 57–72. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961575.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, B. S. K., Atkinson, D. R., & Yang, P. H. (1999). The Asian Values Scale: Development, factor analysis, validation, and reliability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(3), 342–352. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.46.3.342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, B. S. K., & Omizo, M. M. (2010). Behavioral enculturation and acculturation, psychological functioning, and help-seeking attitudes among Asian American adolescents. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(3), 175–185. doi:10.1037/a0021125.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kivlahan, D. R., Marlatt, G. A., Fromme, K., Coppel, D. B., & Williams, E. (1990). Secondary prevention with college drinkers: Evaluation of an alcohol skills training program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(6), 805–810. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.58.6.805.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaBrie, R. A., Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., & Wechsler, H. (2003). Correlates of college student gambling in the United States. Journal of American College Health, 52(2), 53–62. doi:10.1080/07448480309595725.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladouceur, R., Ferland, F., & Vitaro, F. (2004). Prevention of problem gambling: Modifying misconceptions and increasing knowledge among Canadian youth. Journal of Primary Prevention, 25(3), 329–335. doi:10.1023/B:JOPP.0000048024.37066.32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, D. W. L. (2006). Gambling and the older Chinese in Canada. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22(1), 121–141. doi:10.1007/s10899-005-9006-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larimer, M. E., & Neighbors, C. (2003). Normative misperception and the impact of descriptive and injunctive norms on college student gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17(3), 235–243. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.17.3.235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, H.-P., Chae, P. K., Lee, H.-S., & Kim, Y.-K. (2007). The five-factor gambling motivation model. Psychiatry Research, 150, 21–32. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leong, F. T. L., Inman, A. G., Ebreo, A., Yang, L. H., Kinoshita, L., & Fu, M. (2006). Handbook of Asian American psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesieur, H. R., Cross, J., Frank, M., Welch, M., White, C. M., Rubenstein, G., et al. (1991). Gambling and pathological gambling among university students. Addictive Behaviors, 16(6), 517–527. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(91)90059-Q.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, W. M., & Iwamoto, D. K. (2007). Conformity to masculine norms, Asian values, coping strategies, peer group influences and substance use among Asian American men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8(1), 25–39. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.8.1.25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loo, J. M. Y., Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2008). Gambling among the Chinese: A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(7), 1152–1166. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.04.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marlatt, G. A., & George, W. H. (1984). Relapse prevention: Introduction and overview of the model. British Journal of Addiction, 79(3), 261–273. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1984.tb00274.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320–341. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, R. J., Usdan, S., Nelson, S., Umstatt, M. R., LaPlante, D., Perko, M., et al. (2010). Using the theory of planned behavior to predict gambling behavior. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(1), 89–97. doi:10.1037/a0018452.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. J. (2010). Testing a bilinear domain-specific model of acculturation and enculturation across generation status. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(2), 179–186. doi:10.1037/a0019089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, S. M., & Ohtsuka, K. (1999). The prediction of gambling behavior and problem gambling from attitudes and perceived norms. Social Behavior and Personality, 27, 455–466. doi:10.2224/sbp.1999.27.5.455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2011). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

  • Neighbors, C., Lostutter, T. W., Cronce, J. M., & Larimer, M. E. (2002). Exploring college student gambling motivation. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(4), 361–370. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.35.4.426.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb, M. D., Chou, C., Bentler, P. M., & Huba, G. J. (1988). Cognitive motivations for drug use among adolescents: Longitudinal tests of gender differences and predictors of change in drug use. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35(4), 426–438. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.35.4.426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nisbett, R. E. (2003). The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently… and why. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oei, T. P. S., & Raylu, N. (2004). Familial influence on offspring gambling: A cognitive mechanism for transmission of gambling behavior in families. Psychological Medicine, 34(7), 1279–1288. doi:10.1017/S0033291704003150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orford, J., Griffiths, M., Wardle, H., Sproston, K., & Erens, B. (2009). Negative public attitudes towards gambling: Findings from the 2007 British Gambling Prevalence Survey using a new attitude scale. International Gambling Studies, 9(1), 39–54. doi:10.1080/14459790802652217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osilla, K. C., Wong, E. C., & Zane, N. (2012). Harm reduction for Asian American and Pacific Islander populations. In G. A. Marlatt, M. E. Larimer, & K. Witkiewitz (Eds.), Harm reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors (2nd ed., pp. 318–338). New York: The Guiliford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petry, N. M., Armentano, C., Kuoch, T., Norinth, T., & Smith, L. (2003). Gambling participation and problems among South East Asian refugees to the United States. Psychiatric Services, 54(8), 1142–1148. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.54.8.1142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petry, N. M., & Blanco, C. (2012). National gambling experiences in the United States: Will history repeat itself? Addiction. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03894.x.

  • Poulin, C. (2002). An assessment of the validity and reliability of the SOGS-RA. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(1), 67–93. doi:10.1023/A:1014584213557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2004a). Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): Development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Addiction, 99(6), 757–769. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00753.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. (2004b). Role of culture in gambling and problem gambling. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(8), 1087–1114. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2003.09.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Revelle, W., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2009). Coefficients alpha, beta, omega, and the glb: Comments on Sijtsma. Psychometrika, 74(1), 145–154. doi:10.1007/s11336-008-9102-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberti, J. W. (2004). A review of behavioral and biological correlates of sensation seeking. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(3), 256–279. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00067-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. (2010). Ensuring positiveness of the scaled difference Chi square test statistic. Psychometrika, 75(2), 243–248. doi:10.1007/s11336-009-9135-y.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott-Sheldon, L. A., Terry, D. L., Carey, K. B., Garey, L., & Carey, M. P. (2012). Efficacy of expectancy challenge interventions to reduce college student drinking: A meta-analytic review. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(3), 393–405. doi:10.1037/a0027565.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scull, S., & Woolcock, G. (2005). Problem gambling in non-English speaking background communities in Queensland, Australia: A qualitative exploration. International Gambling Studies, 5(1), 29–44. doi:10.1080/14459790500097939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, H. J., Hall, M. N., & Vander Bilt, J. (1999). Estimating the prevalence of disordered gambling behavior in the United States and Canada: A research synthesis. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1369–1376. http://www.ajph.org/.

  • Shaffer, H., LaPlante, D., LaBrie, R., Kidman, R., Donato, A., & Stanton, M. (2004). Toward a syndrome model of addiction: Multiple expressions, common etiology. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(6), 367–374. doi:10.1080/10673220490905705.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shead, N. W., Callan, M. J., & Hodgins, D. C. (2008). Probability discounting among gamblers: Differences across problem gambling severity and affect-regulation expectancies. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(6), 536–541. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, S. H., & Zack, M. (2008). Development and psychometric evaluation of a three-dimensional Gambling Motives Questionnaire. Addiction, 103, 1110–1117. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02235.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stinchfield, R., Hanson, W. E., & Olson, D. H. (2006). Problem and pathological gambling among college students. New Directions for Student Services, 2006(113), 63–72. doi:10.1002/ss.196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoltenberg, S. F., Batien, B. D., & Birgenheir, D. G. (2008). Does gender moderate associations among impulsivity and health-risk behaviors? Addictive Behaviors, 33(2), 252–265. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.09.004.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2011). Results from the 2010 national survey on drug use and health: National findings. NSDUH Series H-41, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4658. Rockville, MD. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k10NSDUH/2k10Results.htm.

  • Takeuchi, D. T., Zane, N., Hong, S., Chae, D. H., Gong, F., Gee, G. C., et al. (2007). Immigration-related factors and mental disorders among Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 84–90. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.088401.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, C. S., & Oei, T. P. (2011). Gambling cognition and subjective well-being as mediators between perceived stress and problem gambling: A cross-cultural study on White and Chinese problem gamblers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(3), 511–520. doi:10.1037/a0024013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, C. S., & Wu, A. M. S. (2012). Gambling-related cognitive biases and pathological gambling among youths, young adults, and mature adults in Chinese societies. Journal of Gambling Studies, 28(1), 139–154. doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9249-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tao, V. Y. K., Wu, A. M. S., Cheung, S. F., & Tong, K. K. (2011). Developing of an indigenous inventory GMAB (Gambling Motives, Attitudes and Behaviors) for Chinese gamblers: An exploratory study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27(1), 99–113. doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9191-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiffany, S. T. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological Review, 97(2), 147–168. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.97.2.147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • United States Census Bureau. (2012, March). The Asian population: 2010. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-11.pdf.

  • Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Tidwell, M.-C. O., & Hoffman, J. H. (2011). Gambling and problem gambling across the lifespan. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27(1), 49–61. doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9195-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M.-C. O., & Parker, J. C. (2004). Risk factors for pathological gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 29(2), 323–335. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickwire, E. M., Whelan, J. P., & Myers, A. W. (2010). Outcome expectancies and gambling behavior among urban adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(1), 75–88. doi:10.1037/a0017505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wickwire, E. M., Whelan, J. P., West, R., Meyers, A., McCausland, C., & Leullen, J. (2007). Perceived availability, risks, and benefits of gambling among college students. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 397–408. doi:10.1007/s10899-007-9057-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widaman, K. F., & Reise, S. P. (1997). Exploring the measurement invariance of psychological instruments: Applications in the substance use domain. In K. J. Bryant, M. Windle, & S. G. West (Eds.), The science of prevention: Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research (pp. 281–324). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Winters, K. C., Stinchfield, R. D., & Fulkerson, D. (1993). Toward the development of an adolescent gambling problem severity scale. Journal of Gambling Studies, 9(1), 63–84. doi:10.1007/BF01019925.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, S. S., & Tsang, S. K. (2012). Development and validation of the Chinese adolescent gambling expectancy scale. International Gambling Studies. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/14459795.2012.672582.

  • Wong, G., Zane, N., Saw, A., & Chan, A. K. K. (2012). Examining gender differences for gambling engagement and gambling problems among emerging adults. Journal of Gambling Studies. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9305-1.

  • Wu, A. M. S., & Tang, C. S. (2011). Validation of the Chinese version of the Gambling Motivation Scale (C-GMS). Journal of Gambling Studies, 27(4), 709–724. doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9234-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, A. M. S., & Tang, C. S. (2012). Problem gambling of Chinese college students: Application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Gambling Studies, 28(2), 315–324. doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9250-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, K.-H., Bentler, P. M., & Chan, W. (2004). Structural equation modeling with heavy tailed distributions. Psychometrika, 69(3), 421–436. doi:10.1007/BF02295644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yung, Y.-F., Thissen, D., & McLeod, L. D. (1999). On the relationship between the higher-order factor model and the hierarchical factor model. Psychometrika, 64(2), 113–128. doi:10.1007/BF02294531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Asian American Center on Disparities Research (National Institute of Mental Health Grant: 1P50MH073511-01A2). The authors would like to thank Drs. Shelley A. Blozis and Keith F. Widaman at the University of California, Davis for their guidance and editorial comments, and Lauren A. Nguyen for her work on this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Asian American Center on Disparities Research, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Alan Ka Ki Chan, Nolan Zane & Gloria M. Wong

  2. Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA

    Anna V. Song

Authors
  1. Alan Ka Ki Chan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nolan Zane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gloria M. Wong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Anna V. Song
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alan Ka Ki Chan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chan, A.K.K., Zane, N., Wong, G.M. et al. Personal Gambling Expectancies Among Asian American and White American College Students. J Gambl Stud 31, 33–57 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9397-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9397-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation