Abstract
Cognitive perspectives on gambling propose that biased thinking plays a significant role in sustaining gambling participation and, in vulnerable individuals, gambling problems. One prominent set of cognitive biases include illusions of control involving beliefs that it is possible to influence random gaming events. Sociologists have reported that (some) gamblers believe that it is possible to throw dice in different ways to achieve gaming outcomes (e.g., ‘dice-setting’ in craps). However, experimental demonstrations of these phenomena are lacking. Here, we asked regular gamblers to roll a computer-simulated, but fair, 6 sided die for monetary prizes. Gamblers allowed the die to roll for longer when attempting to win higher value bets, and when attempting to hit high winning numbers. This behaviour was exaggerated in gamblers motivated to keep gambling following the experience of almost-winning in gambling games. These results suggest that gambling cognitive biases find expression in the motor behaviour of rolling dice for monetary prizes, possibly reflecting embodied substrates.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andres, M., Davare, M., Pesenti, M., Olivier, E., & Seron, X. (2004). Number magnitude and grip aperture interaction. NeuroReport, 15(18), 2773–2777.
Benhsain, K., Taillefer, A., & Ladouceur, R. (2004). Awareness of independence of events and erroneous perceptions while gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 29(2), 399–404. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.011.
Biner, P. M., Huffman, M. L., Curran, M. A., & Long, K. R. (1998). Illusory control as a function of motivation for a specific outcome in a chance-based situation. Motivation & Emotion, 22(4), 277–291.
Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97(5), 487–499. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x.
Burger, J. M., & Cooper, H. M. (1979). The desirability of control. Motivation and Emotion, 3(4), 381–393.
Chau, A. W., & Phillips, J. G. (1995). Effects of perceived control upon wagering and attributions in computer blackjack. Journal of General Psychology, 122(3), 253–269.
Davis, D., Sundahl, I., & Lesbo, M. (2000). Illusory personal control as a determinant of bet size and type in casino craps games. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(6), 1224–1242.
Dehaene, S., Bossini, S., & Giraux, P. (1993). The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 122(3), 371–396.
Dixon, M. R., & Schreiber, J. E. (2004). Near-miss effects on response latencies and win estimations of slot machine players. The Psychological Record, 54, 335–348.
Domahs, F., Moeller, K., Huber, S., Willmes, K., & Nuerk, H. C. (2010). Embodied numerosity: Implicit hand-based representations influence symbolic number processing across cultures. Cognition, 116(2), 251–266. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.05.007.
Dunn, D. S., & Wilson, T. D. (1990). When the stakes are high: A limit to the illusion-of-control effect. Social Cognition, 8(3), 305–323.
Fernandez-Duque, D., & Wifall, T. (2007). Actor/observer asymmetry in risky decision making. Judgment and Decision Making Journal, 2(1), 1–8.
First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. (2002). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P). New York: Biometrics Research.
Fleming, J. H., & Darley, J. M. (1990). The Purposeful-Action Sequence and the Illusion of Control: The Effects of Foreknowledge and Target Involvement on Observers Judgments of Others Control over Random Events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(2), 346–357. doi:10.1177/0146167290162014.
Friedland, N., Keinan, G., & Regev, Y. (1992). Controlling the uncontrollable: Effects of stress on illusory perceptions of controllability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 923–931.
Golin, S., Terrell, F., & Johnson, B. (1977). Depression and the illusion of control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86(4), 440–442.
Griffiths, M. D. (1990). The cognitive psychology of gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 6(1), 31–42.
Henslin, J. M. (1967). Craps and Magic. The American Journal of Sociology, 73(3), 316–330.
Kassinove, J. I., & Schare, M. L. (2001). Effects of the “near miss” and the “big win” on persistence at slot machine gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15(2), 155–158.
Koehler, J. J., Gibbs, B. J., & Hogarth, R. M. (1994). Shattering the illusion of control: Multishot versus single-shot gambles. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 7(3), 183–191. doi:10.1002/bdm.3960070304.
Kornblum, S., Hasbroucq, T., & Osman, A. (1990). Dimensional overlap: Cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility—a model and taxonomy. Psychological Review, 97(2), 253–270.
Ladouceur, R., Gaboury, A., Dumont, M., & Rochette, P. (1988). Gambling: Relationship between the frequency of wins and irrational thinking. Journal of Psychology, 122(4), 409–414.
Ladouceur, R., Sylvain, C., Boutin, C., Lachance, S., Doucet, C., Leblond, J., et al. (2001). Cognitive treatment of pathological gambling. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(11), 774–780.
Langer, E. J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 311–328.
Martinez, F., Bonnefon, J.-F., & Hoskens, J. (2009). Active involvement, not illusory control, increases risk taking in a gambling game. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(6), 1063–1071.
O’Connor, J., & Dickerson, M. (2003). Definition and measurement of chasing in off-course betting and gaming machine play. Journal of Gambling Studies, 19(4), 359–386.
Pallesen, S., Mitsem, M., Kvale, G., Johnsen, B. H., & Molde, H. (2005). Outcome of psychological treatments of pathological gambling: A review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 100(10), 1412–1422. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01204.x.
Proffitt, D. R. (2006). Embodied perception and the economy of action. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(2), 110–122.
Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. (2002). Pathological gambling. A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(7), 1009–1061.
Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2004). The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): Development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Addiction, 99(6), 757–769. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00753.x.
Reid, R. L. (1986). The psychology of the near miss. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 2, 32–39.
Rogers, P. (1998). The cognitive psychology of lottery gambling: A theoretical review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14(2), 111–134.
Steenbergh, T. A., Meyers, A. W., May, R. K., & Whelan, J. P. (2002). Development and validation of the Gamblers’ Beliefs Questionnaire. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16(2), 143–149.
Strickland, L. H., Lewicki, R. J., & Katz, A. M. (1966). Temporal orientation and perceived control as determinants of risk-taking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2(2), 143–151. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(66)90075-8.
Toneatto, T., Blitz-Miller, T., Calderwood, K., Dragonetti, R., & Tsanos, A. (1997). Cognitive distortions in heavy gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13(3), 253–266.
Walsh, V. (2003). A theory of magnitude: Common cortical metrics of time, space and quantity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11), 483–488. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.09.002.
Wardle, H., Moody, A., Spence, S., Orford, J., Volberg, R., Jotangia, D., et al. (2011). British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2010. London: Stationery Office.
Wickwire, E. M., Burke, R. S., Brown, S. A., Parker, J. D., & May, R. K. (2008). Psychometric evaluation of the national opinion research center DSM-IV screen for gambling problems (NODS). American Journal on Addictions, 17(5), 392–395.
Acknowledgments
The research described here was conducted by Matthew S. M. Lim in partial fulfillment of a DPhil research degree for the University of Oxford under the supervision of Robert D. Rogers.
Conflict of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lim, M.S.M., Bowden-Jones, H. & Rogers, R.D. Expressing Gambling-Related Cognitive Biases in Motor Behaviour: Rolling Dice to Win Prizes. J Gambl Stud 30, 625–637 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9381-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9381-x