Skip to main content
Log in

Evaluation of a Statewide Implementation of Fathers for Change: a Fathering Intervention for Families Impacted by Partner Violence

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Family Violence Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A substantial number of families are involved with the child welfare system because of children’s exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV), which has significant impact on the health of the entire family. This study presents a program evaluation for a statewide implementation of a fatherhood focused individual and family treatment for men referred by the child welfare system and provided by six community mental health agencies. Data from 204 fathers and their coparents referred to Fathers for Change (F4C) were analyzed to assess a) the feasibility of F4C and b) the impact of the intervention on IPV as measured by mothers’ reports on the Abusive Behavior Inventory, children’s exposure to conflict on the Coparenting Relationship Scale, and fathers’ symptoms. Completion rates for the program were 73%. Age, race, severity of IPV and alcohol misuse were not associated with drop out, but those with significant drug use problems were 2.3 times more likely to drop out. Among treatment completers, mothers reported significantly reduced IPV and children’s exposure to conflict, with medium to large effect sizes. Fathers reported significant improvements in their emotion regulation, parental reflective functioning, as well as anger and hostility. F4C was feasible with high completion rates and significant reductions in IPV and children’s exposure to conflict.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aaron, S. M., & Beaulaurier, R. L. (2017). The need for new emphasis on batterers intervention programs. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(4), 425–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arias, E., Arce, R., & Vilariño, M. (2013). Batterer intervention programmes: A meta-analytic review of effectiveness. Psychosocial Intervention, 22(2), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.5093/in2013a18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arroyo, K., Lundahl, B., Butters, R., Vanderloo, M., & Wood, D. S. (2017). Short-term interventions for survivors of intimate partner violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(2), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015602736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asen, E., & Fonagy, P. (2017). Mentalizing family violence part 1: Conceptual framework. Family Process, 56(1), 6–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Babcock, J. C., Green, C. E., & Robie, C. (2004). Does batterers' treatment work? A meta-analytic review of domestic violence treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1023–1053.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (2004). Mentalization-based treatment of BPD. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(1), 36–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, A., O’Connell, J., Lorenzini, N., Gardner, T., & Fonagy, P. (2016). A randomised controlled trial of mentalizationbased treatment versus structured clinical management for patients with comorbid borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 304.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. C. (2004). Danger assessment instrument. Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing.

  • Casanueva, C., Smith, K., Ringeisen, H., Dolan, M., & Tueller, S. (2014). Families in need of domestic violence services reported to the child welfare system: Changes in the National Survey of child and adolescent well-being between 1999–2000 and 2008–2009. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(10), 1683–1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.05.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, H., & Saunders, D. G. (2002). Predictors of attrition in two types of group programs for men who batter. Journal of Family Violence, 17(3), 273–292. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016057328929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colletti, C. J., Wolfe-Christensen, C., Carpentier, M. Y., Page, M. C., McNall-Knapp, R. Y., Meyer, W. H., et al. (2008). The relationship of parental overprotection, perceived vulnerability, and parenting stress to behavioral, emotional, and social adjustment in children with cancer. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 51(2), 269–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, S. & Rivolta, P. (2014). Evaluation of three court-mandated family violence interventions: FVEP, EXPLORE, and EVOLVE. Institute for the Study of crime and justice, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Central Connecticut State University.

  • Daly, J. E., & Pelowski, S. (2000). Predictors of dropout among men who batter: A review of studies with implications for research and practice. Violence and Victims, 15(2), 137–160.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denson, T. F., Capper, M. M., Oaten, M., Friese, M., & Schofield, T. P. (2011). Self-control training decreases aggression in response to provocation in aggressive individuals. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(2), 252–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.02.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DePanfilis, D., & Dubowitz, H. (2005). Family connections: A program for preventing child neglect. Child Maltreatment, 10(2), 108–123.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, H., & Walsh, T. (2010). Mothers, domestic violence, and child protection. Violence Against Women, 16(5), 489–508.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J. L., & Powell-Williams, M. (2007). Everybody makes choices: Victim advocates and the social construction of battered women's victimization and agency. Violence Against Women, 13(10), 977–1001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Easton, C. J., Crane, C. A., & Mandel, D. (2018). A randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for substance-dependent domestic violence offenders: An integrated substance abuse-domestic violence treatment approach (SADV). Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 44(3), 483–498.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eckhardt, C. I., Murphy, C. M., Whitaker, D. J., Sprunger, J., Dykstra, R., & Woodard, K. (2013). The effectiveness of intervention programs for perpetrators and victims of intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 4(2), 196–231. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.4.2.e17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, M. E., Brown, L. D., & Kan, M. L. (2012). A multi-domain self-report measure of coparenting. Parenting, 12(1), 1–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finkel, E. J., DeWall, C. N., Slotter, E. B., Oaten, M., & Foshee, V. A. (2009). Self-regulatory failure and intimate partner violence perpetration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(3), 483–499. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fonagy P. (2003) The developmental roots of violence in the failure of mentalization. In M. Parker & M. Morris (Eds.), Matter of security: The application of attachment theory to forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy (pp. 13–56). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

  • Gomby, D. S., Culross, P. L., & Behrman, R. E. (1999). Home visiting: Recent program evaluations--analysis and recommendations. The Future of Children, 9(1), 4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, D. M., Oliveros, A., Hawes, S. W., Iwamoto, D. K., & Rayford, B. S. (2012). Engaging fathers in child protection services: A review of factors and strategies across ecological systems. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(8), 1399–1417.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grasso, D. J., Dierkhising, C. B., Branson, C. E., Ford, J. D., & Lee, R. (2016). Developmental patterns of adverse childhood experiences and current symptoms and impairment in youth referred for trauma-specific services. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(5), 871–886.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grasso, D. J., DiVietro, S., Beebe, R., Clough, M., & Lapidus, G. (2019). Quantifying severity of maltreatment, adversity, and trauma from child protective services case record files. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 0886260519847774.

  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal Psychopathology Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guille, L. (2004). Men who batter and their children: An integrated review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(2), 129–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamby, S., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Ormrod, R. (2011). Children's exposure to intimate partner violence and other family violence: Nationally representative rates among US youth. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin - NCJ 232272, pgs. 1–12. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

  • Holtzworth-Munroe, A., & Stuart, G. L. (1994). Typologies of male batterers: Three subtypes and the differences among them. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 476–497.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houston, J. J. (2011). Batterer's intervention program analysis. Providence, RI: Justice Assistance. http://www.justiceassistance.org/pdf/Batterers_Intervention_Analysis-April_11_2011.pdf

  • Humphreys, C., & Absler, D. (2011). History repeating: Child protection responses to domestic violence. Child & Family Social Work, 16(4), 464–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2011.00761.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jewell, L. M., & Wormith, J. S. (2010). Variables associated with attrition from domestic violence treatment programs targeting male batterers: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37, 1086–1113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854810376815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitzmann, K. M., Gaylord, N. K., Holt, A. R., & Kenny, E. D. (2003). Child witnesses to domestic violence: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 339–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labarre, M., Bourassa, C., Holden, G. W., Turcotte, P., & Letourneau, N. (2016). Intervening with fathers in the context of intimate partner violence: An analysis of ten programs and suggestions for a research agenda. Journal of Child Custody, 13(1), 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, K., Humphreys, C., & Hegarty, K. (2018). “Your behaviour has consequences”: Children and young people's perspectives on reparation with their fathers after domestic violence. Children and Youth Services Review, 88, 164–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litton Fox, G., Sayers, J., & Bruce, C. (2001). Beyond bravado: Redemption and rehabilitation in the fathering accounts of men who batter. Marriage Family Review, 32(3–4), 137–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335–343.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovibond, P. (2018). DASS FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions). Retrieved June 15, 2020, from http://www2.psy.unsw.edu.au/dass//DASSFAQ.htm

  • Luyten, P., Mayes, L. C., Nijssens, L., & Fonagy, P. (2017). The parental reflective functioning questionnaire: Development and preliminary validation. PLoS One, 12(5), e0176218.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, N., Scourfield, J., Featherstone, B., Holland, S., & Tolman, R. (2012). Engaging fathers in child welfare services: A narrative review of recent research evidence. Child & Family Social Work, 17(2), 160–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2012.00827.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meis, L. A. (2008). Negative peer influences among partner-violent men: Counter-therapeutic talk and participants' responses to group intervention (Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, Baltimore County).

  • Mercer, D., & Woody, G. E. (1999). Individual drug counseling. (NIH publication no. 99–4380). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

  • Murphy, C. M., & Meis, L. A. (2008). Individual treatment of intimate partner violence perpetrators. Violence and Victims, 23(2), 173–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, K. L., Tutty, L. M., Weaver-Dunlop, G., & Walsh, C. A. (2007). Do good intentions beget good policy? A review of child protection policies to address intimate partner violence. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(12), 1469–1486.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Dea, N., Clough, M., Beebe, R., DiVietro, S., Lapidus, G., & Grasso, D. (2020). Using child protective services case record data to quantify family-level severity of adversity types, poly-victimization, and poly-deprivation. Child Abuse & Neglect. 108, 104688 (2020).

  • Oliveros, A. D., & Coleman, A. S. (2019). Does emotion regulation mediate the relation between family-of-origin violence and intimate partner violence? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 0886260519867146.

  • Perel, G., & Peled, E. (2008). The fathering of violent men: Constriction and yearning. Violence Against Women, 14(4), 457–482.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, F. S., Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Applegate, A. G., Beck, C. J., & Abbey, A. (2020). Subtypes of violent separating or divorcing couples seeking family mediation and their association with personality and criminality characteristics. Psychology of Violence, 10(4), 390–399. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, E. F., Mandel, D. G., & Silverman, J. G. (2007). Abusers' perceptions of the effect of their intimate partner violence on children. Violence Against Women, 13(11), 1179–1191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., De la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction, 88(6), 791–804.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, J. A., Coffey, S. F., Stasiewicz, P. R., Murphy, C. M., Leonard, K. E., & Fals-Stewart, W. (2011). Development of a brief motivational enhancement intervention for intimate partner violence in alcohol treatment settings. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 20(2), 103–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, M. F., & Campbell, J. A. (1992). The abusive behavior inventory: A measure of psychological and physical abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7(3), 291–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, J. M. (1986). The multidimensional anger inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(1), 191–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silvergleid, C. S., & Mankowski, E. S. (2006). How batterer intervention programs work: Participant and facilitator accounts of processes of change. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(1), 139–159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, H. A. (1982). The drug abuse screening test (DAST): Guidelines for administration and scoring. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slade, A. (2005). Parental reflective functioning: An introduction. Attachment & Human Development, 7(3), 269–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stalans, L. J., & Seng, M. (2007). Identifying subgroups at high risk of dropping out of domestic batterer treatment: The buffering effects of a high school education. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 51(2), 151–169.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stover, C. S. (2013). Fathers for change: A new approach to working with fathers who perpetrate intimate partner violence. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 41(1), 65–71.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stover, C. S. (2015). Fathers for change for substance use and intimate partner violence: Initial community pilot. Family Process, 54(4), 600–609.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stover, C. S., Carlson, M., & Patel, S. (2017a). Integrating intimate partner violence and parenting intervention into residential substance use disorder treatment for fathers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 81, 35–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stover, C. S., Carlson, M., Patel, S., & Manalich, R. (2018). Where's dad? The importance of integrating fatherhood and parenting programming into substance use treatment for men. Child Abuse Review, 27, 280–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stover, C. S., & Coates, E. E. (2016). The relationship of reflective functioning to parent child interactions in a sample of fathers with concurrent intimate partner violence perpetration and substance abuse problems. Journal of Family Violence, 31(4), 433–442.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stover, C., Ghosh Ippen, C., Liang, L.-J., Briggs, E. C., & Berkowitz, S. J. (2017b). An examination of partner violence, polyexposure, and mental health functioning in a sample of clinically-referred youth. Psychology of Violence., 9(3), 359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stover, C. S., & Kiselica, A. (2014). Hostility and substance use in relation to intimate partner violence and parenting among fathers. Aggressive Behavior, 41(3), 205–213.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stover, C. S., & Lent, K. (2014). Training and certification for domestic violence service providers: The need for a national standard curriculum and training approach. Psychology of Violence, 4(2), 117–127.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stover, C. S., McMahon, T. J., & Moore, K. (2019). A randomized pilot trial of two parenting interventions for fathers in residential substance use disorder treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 104, 116–127.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stover, C. S., Meadows, A. L., & Kaufman, J. (2009). Interventions for intimate partner violence: Review and implications for evidence-based practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(3), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stover, C. S., & Spink, A. (2012). Affective awareness in parenting of fathers with co-occurring substance abuse and intimate partner violence. Advances in dual diagnosis., 5, 74–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strega, S., Fleet, C., Brown, L., Dominelli, L., Callahan, M., & Walmsley, C. (2008). Connecting father absence and mother blame in child welfare policies and practice. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(7), 705–716.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturmey, P., Armenti, N.A., Iyican, S., Sommer, J.M. and Babcock, J.C. (2017). Treatment of batterers: What works?. In the Wiley handbook of violence and aggression, P. Sturmey (Ed.). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119057574.whbva091.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carla Smith Stover.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Stover, C.S., Beebe, R., Clough, M. et al. Evaluation of a Statewide Implementation of Fathers for Change: a Fathering Intervention for Families Impacted by Partner Violence. J Fam Viol 37, 449–459 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00199-5

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00199-5

Keywords

Navigation